ATP Synthase Mechanism and Structure

<p>It rotates and moves the deprotonated Asp to the P-side (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 ATP released in total (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transports protons across the membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>γ, ε, α, β chains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By connecting the F1 and F0 subunits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The species of the organism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To connect and support critical components. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are determined by the rotation of the stalk. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Five types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It drives the other motor in reverse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis of ATP by capturing energy from high-energy electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complex I, II, III, IV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flow of electrons during oxidation-reduction reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>With the assistance of the inner mitochondrial membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proton gradient utilization by ATP synthase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps transport electrons between Complex II and III (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize ATP using the energy from the proton gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inner mitochondrial membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 protons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 protons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heme a and heme a3–CuB (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proton-motive force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytochrome c → CuA → heme a → heme a3 → CuB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference in proton concentration across the membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20 kJ/mol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generates NAD+ and transfers two electrons to ubiquinone (Q). (C), It results in the reduction of ubiquinone (Q) to ubiquinol (QH2). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complex II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four protons are transported from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>QH2 carries two electrons, cytochrome c carries one electron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transfer electrons from FADH2 to ubiquinone (Q). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The acceptance of two protons and two electrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help in the transfer of electrons between different molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They carry electrons and participate in redox reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons, ultimately driving ATP synthesis.

The process of ATP synthesis driven by the electron transport chain, utilizing the energy released from the transfer of electrons to generate a proton gradient.

The inner membrane of mitochondria, containing specialized proteins and enzymes essential for electron transport and ATP synthesis.

Molecules like NADH and FADH2 that carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

An uneven distribution of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, created by the electron transport chain, providing potential energy for ATP synthesis.

A protein complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses the proton gradient to synthesize ATP.

The first protein complex in the electron transport chain, accepting electrons from NADH and pumping protons across the membrane.

A process in Complex III where electrons are transferred from QH2 to cytochrome c, involving a series of reactions and proton pumping.

A mobile electron carrier that shuttles electrons from Complexes I and II to Complex III in the electron transport chain.

A small protein that carries electrons from Complex III to Complex IV in the electron transport chain.

The F0 subunit of ATP synthase is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and uses proton motive force to drive the rotation of the ATP synthase.

The c ring is a ring of 10-15 hydrophobic polypeptide chains (c chains) embedded in the F0 subunit of ATP synthase. Each c chain is composed of two alpha-helices.

The a chain in ATP synthase is a single polypeptide chain located next to the c ring. It has proton channels that isolate some of the c chains.

The F1 subunit contains 5 types of chains: γ, ε, α, and β. The γ and ε chains form a stalk that rotates through the α and β ring. The α and β chains form a ring of 6 chains (3 of each) and each can bind ATP.

The stalk in ATP synthase is connected to the c ring of the F0 subunit and rotates through the α and β ring of the F1 subunit.

The stator in ATP synthase is a stationary component that holds the α and β ring still and resists the rotation of the F0 and the stalk.

The F0 subunit of ATP synthase is composed of a, b, and c chains. The c chains assemble to form the c ring.

The F1 subunit of ATP synthase is composed of α, β, γ, and ε chains. The β chains are primarily responsible for ATP synthesis, while the γ chain connects the F1 subunit to the F0 subunit.

An enzyme in the electron transport chain that catalyzes the reduction of molecular oxygen to water.

The site within cytochrome c oxidase where oxygen is reduced to water. It contains both heme a3 and a copper ion (CuB).

The process by which cytochrome c oxidase moves protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, contributing to the proton gradient.

The driving force for ATP synthesis, created by the difference in proton concentration and electrical charge across the mitochondrial membrane.

Cytochrome c oxidase pumps a total of 8 protons per molecule of oxygen reduced. These protons contribute to the proton gradient.

Some protons are used directly in the chemical reduction of oxygen (chemical protons), while others are pumped across the membrane (physical protons).

It takes approximately 20 kJ/mol of energy to pump one mole of protons.

The proton gradient is harnessed by ATP synthase to generate ATP, the main energy currency of cells.

A transitional state in enzyme catalysis where the substrate (S) is bound to the enzyme, but the product (P) is not yet formed. It requires energy to reach this state and readily converts ES to EP.

The rotation of a ring of subunits in ATP synthase, driven by the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. This rotation powers the synthesis of ATP.

A model explaining how ATP synthase works. It describes the conformational changes in the enzyme's subunits as protons flow through it, leading to ATP synthesis.

Protons enter the pump via the P-side half channel, propelling an arginine residue to the N-side, triggering deprotonation of an aspartate residue on the N-side. This process releases protons into the N-side half channel and rotates the arginine, allowing the deprotonated aspartate to move to the P-side, restarting the cycle.