50 Questions
Which of the following factors contributes to an increase in stroke volume (SV)?
Preload
What is the equation for cardiac output (Q)?
Q = SV x HR
Which phase of the cardiac cycle is characterized by the relaxation of the heart cells and the filling up of the ventricles with blood?
Diastole
What is the average stroke volume (SV) per beat?
70 mL
Which factor contributes to an increase in venous return?
Muscle pump (standing - running)
What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) on veins?
Constriction
Which mechanism causes an increased force of contraction in the ventricles?
Contractility
What is afterload?
The pressure after the heart has to pump against to get blood out
Which factor contributes to an increase in cardiac output?
Increased contractility
Which valve is responsible for preventing the backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle?
Aortic valve
During glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose-6-phosphate?
+4 ATP
How many NADH molecules are produced during the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to pyruvate via the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH)?
2 NADH
During the Krebs cycle, how many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose-6-phosphate?
2 ATP
How many NADH molecules are produced during the beta-oxidation of palmitate-16 (a fatty acid) in the mitochondria?
2 NADH
During the Krebs cycle, how many FADH2 molecules are produced from one molecule of palmitate-16?
2 FADH2
How many ATP molecules are produced from one NADH molecule during the electron transport chain?
1.5 ATP
How many ATP molecules are produced from one FADH2 molecule during the electron transport chain?
0.5 ATP
What is the total ATP production from one molecule of glucose, considering glycolysis, PDH, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain?
30 ATP
What is the total ATP production from one molecule of palmitate-16, considering beta-oxidation, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain?
35 ATP
How many ATP molecules can be produced from one molecule of glucose compared to one molecule of palmitate-16?
Glucose produces more ATP
Which of the following is the correct equation for ejection fraction?
$SV/EDV$
Which of the following is true about the ejection fraction?
It is the percent of blood that was ejected from the heart.
What happens to stroke volume during heavy exercise?
It increases.
What is the main reason for a decrease in stroke volume during heavy exercise?
Increased blood flow to the skin.
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (Q)?
$SV \times HR$
What is the main reason for an increase in heart rate during exercise?
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
What is the formula for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
$\frac{1}{3} \times \text{Systolic blood pressure} + \frac{2}{3} \times \text{Diastolic blood pressure}$
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure called?
Pulse pressure
What is the formula for resistance (R) in the context of blood flow?
$\frac{\text{Pressure}}{\text{Flow}}$
What is the relationship between vessel diameter and blood flow rate according to Poiseuille's Law?
An increase in vessel diameter leads to an increase in blood flow rate.
According to Poiseuille's Law, what is the relationship between vessel diameter and blood flow rate?
As vessel diameter increases, blood flow rate increases
Which of the following factors contributes to vasodilation during exercise?
Metabolites
What is the formula for calculating blood flow rate (Q)?
Q = Pressure / Resistance
What is the formula for calculating resistance (R) in the context of blood flow?
R = Pressure / Flow rate
What is the main reason for vasodilation during exercise?
Increased metabolic demand
What is the formula for calculating viscosity (n)?
n = Shear stress / Shear rate
What is the correct equation for conductance?
Conductance = Pressure / Flow rate
What is the correct equation for resistance (TPR) in the context of blood flow?
TPR = Pressure / Flow
What is the main reason for vasoconstriction during rest?
Decreased metabolic demand
What is the correct equation for flow rate (F)?
F = Pressure / Resistance
Which of the following is true about blood flow distribution during cooldown?
Blood flow to the skeletal muscle decreases
What is the effect of muscle pump on blood flow distribution in the upper body during exercise?
Muscle pump effect is low in the upper body
Which of the following factors contributes to a higher blood pressure in the upper body compared to the lower body?
More resistance in the upper body
What happens to stroke volume during static exercise?
Stroke volume decreases
Which type of exercise leads to a greater increase in heart rate?
Dynamic exercise
What is the main difference between volume load and pressure load during exercise?
Volume load occurs in dynamic exercise, while pressure load occurs in static exercise
Which of the following is true about the cardiovascular differences between males and females?
Females have smaller heart size compared to males
What are the cardiovascular changes associated with aging?
Decreased stroke volume and heart rate
Which of the following is true about the ejection fraction?
It is the ratio of end systolic volume to end diastolic volume
What is the formula for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
MAP = SBP + DBP
Test your knowledge of ATP production pathways including glycolysis, PDH, Krebs cycle, and beta-oxidation. Learn about the ATP, NADH, and FADH production in each pathway.
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