ATP Production Pathways Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors contributes to an increase in stroke volume (SV)?

  • Contractility
  • Afterload
  • Preload (correct)
  • Venous return

    • What is the equation for cardiac output (Q)?

  • Q = SV + HR
  • Q = SV x HR (correct)
  • Q = SV / HR
  • Q = SV - HR

    • Which phase of the cardiac cycle is characterized by the relaxation of the heart cells and the filling up of the ventricles with blood?

  • Diastole (correct)
  • Systole
  • End-diastolic volume (EDV)
  • End-systolic volume (ESV)

    • What is the average stroke volume (SV) per beat?

    <p>70 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to an increase in venous return?

    <p>Muscle pump (standing - running)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) on veins?

    <p>Constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism causes an increased force of contraction in the ventricles?

    <p>Contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is afterload?

    <p>The pressure after the heart has to pump against to get blood out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to an increase in cardiac output?

    <p>Increased contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is responsible for preventing the backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle?

    <p>Aortic valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose-6-phosphate?

    <p>+4 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many NADH molecules are produced during the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to pyruvate via the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH)?

    <p>2 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Krebs cycle, how many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose-6-phosphate?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many NADH molecules are produced during the beta-oxidation of palmitate-16 (a fatty acid) in the mitochondria?

    <p>2 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Krebs cycle, how many FADH2 molecules are produced from one molecule of palmitate-16?

    <p>2 FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced from one NADH molecule during the electron transport chain?

    <p>1.5 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced from one FADH2 molecule during the electron transport chain?

    <p>0.5 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total ATP production from one molecule of glucose, considering glycolysis, PDH, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain?

    <p>30 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total ATP production from one molecule of palmitate-16, considering beta-oxidation, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain?

    <p>35 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules can be produced from one molecule of glucose compared to one molecule of palmitate-16?

    <p>Glucose produces more ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for ejection fraction?

    <p>$SV/EDV$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the ejection fraction?

    <p>It is the percent of blood that was ejected from the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to stroke volume during heavy exercise?

    <p>It increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for a decrease in stroke volume during heavy exercise?

    <p>Increased blood flow to the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (Q)?

    <p>$SV \times HR$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for an increase in heart rate during exercise?

    <p>Activation of the sympathetic nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

    <p>$\frac{1}{3} \times \text{Systolic blood pressure} + \frac{2}{3} \times \text{Diastolic blood pressure}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure called?

    <p>Pulse pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for resistance (R) in the context of blood flow?

    <p>$\frac{\text{Pressure}}{\text{Flow}}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between vessel diameter and blood flow rate according to Poiseuille's Law?

    <p>An increase in vessel diameter leads to an increase in blood flow rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Poiseuille's Law, what is the relationship between vessel diameter and blood flow rate?

    <p>As vessel diameter increases, blood flow rate increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to vasodilation during exercise?

    <p>Metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating blood flow rate (Q)?

    <p>Q = Pressure / Resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating resistance (R) in the context of blood flow?

    <p>R = Pressure / Flow rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for vasodilation during exercise?

    <p>Increased metabolic demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating viscosity (n)?

    <p>n = Shear stress / Shear rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct equation for conductance?

    <p>Conductance = Pressure / Flow rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct equation for resistance (TPR) in the context of blood flow?

    <p>TPR = Pressure / Flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for vasoconstriction during rest?

    <p>Decreased metabolic demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct equation for flow rate (F)?

    <p>F = Pressure / Resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about blood flow distribution during cooldown?

    <p>Blood flow to the skeletal muscle decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of muscle pump on blood flow distribution in the upper body during exercise?

    <p>Muscle pump effect is low in the upper body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to a higher blood pressure in the upper body compared to the lower body?

    <p>More resistance in the upper body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to stroke volume during static exercise?

    <p>Stroke volume decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of exercise leads to a greater increase in heart rate?

    <p>Dynamic exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between volume load and pressure load during exercise?

    <p>Volume load occurs in dynamic exercise, while pressure load occurs in static exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the cardiovascular differences between males and females?

    <p>Females have smaller heart size compared to males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cardiovascular changes associated with aging?

    <p>Decreased stroke volume and heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the ejection fraction?

    <p>It is the ratio of end systolic volume to end diastolic volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

    <p>MAP = SBP + DBP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular Function and Physiology

    • Stroke Volume (SV) Increase: Factors contributing to increased SV include increased venous return and enhanced contractility.
    • Cardiac Output (Q) Equation: Cardiac output is calculated using the formula ( Q = SV \times HR ) (stroke volume multiplied by heart rate).
    • Cardiac Cycle Phase: The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is known as diastole, where the ventricles fill with blood.
    • Average Stroke Volume: Typical stroke volume is about 70 mL per beat in adults.
    • Venous Return Increase: Mechanisms like skeletal muscle contractions and increased blood volume enhance venous return.
    • Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Effect: SNS stimulation causes venous constriction, increasing venous return and ultimately stroke volume.
    • Increased Force of Contraction: Positive inotropic effects increase ventricular contraction strength, primarily due to SNS activation.
    • Afterload Definition: Afterload is the pressure the heart must work against to eject blood during systole.
    • Cardiac Output Increase: Factors such as increased heart rate and stroke volume elevate cardiac output.
    • Aortic Valve Function: The aortic valve prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle.

    Metabolism and Energy Production

    • ATP from Glycolysis: Glycolysis produces 2 ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose-6-phosphate.
    • NADH Production (PDH): The conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to pyruvate via the PDH complex produces 2 NADH molecules.
    • ATP from Krebs Cycle: Each glucose-6-phosphate molecule yields 2 ATP during the Krebs cycle.
    • NADH from Beta-Oxidation: Beta-oxidation of palmitate-16 generates 7 NADH molecules.
    • FADH2 from Krebs Cycle: One molecule of palmitate-16 produces 4 FADH2 during the Krebs cycle.
    • ATP from NADH: Each NADH can generate approximately 2.5 ATP molecules in the electron transport chain.
    • ATP from FADH2: Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP molecules during electron transport.
    • Total ATP from Glucose: The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule can yield a total of around 30-32 ATP.
    • Total ATP from Palmitate-16: Complete oxidation of palmitate-16 can yield approximately 106 ATP.
    • ATP Comparison: One molecule of glucose produces significantly fewer ATP compared to one molecule of palmitate-16.

    Cardiac Function and Exercise

    • Ejection Fraction Equation: The ejection fraction (EF) is calculated as ( EF = \frac{SV}{EDV} ) (stroke volume divided by end-diastolic volume).
    • Ejection Fraction Facts: A normal ejection fraction is between 50% to 70%, indicating the heart's pumping efficiency.
    • SV During Heavy Exercise: Stroke volume may increase due to enhanced contractility and venous return during heavy exercise.
    • SV Decrease During Exercise: Prolonged intense exercise may decrease SV due to dehydration or cardiac fatigue.
    • Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP): Calculated by the formula ( MAP = DBP + \frac{1}{3}(SBP - DBP) ) (diastolic blood pressure plus one-third of pulse pressure).
    • Systolic-Diastolic Difference: The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is called pulse pressure.
    • Resistance (R) Equation: Resistance is calculated using the formula ( R = \frac{(DBP - CBP)}{Q} ) (change in pressure divided by flow rate).
    • Vessel Diameter and Blood Flow: According to Poiseuille's Law, blood flow rate increases with larger vessel diameters and decreases with increased viscosity.
    • Vasodilation Factors: Factors causing vasodilation during exercise include increased carbon dioxide, decreased oxygen, and the production of local metabolites.
    • Blood Flow Rate (Q) Formula: Calculated as ( Q = \frac{(P1 - P2)}{R} ) (pressure difference divided by resistance).
    • Viscosity (n) Calculation: Viscosity is calculated as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate in a fluid.

    Blood Flow and Exercise

    • Blood Flow Distribution During Cooldown: During cooldown, blood flow distribution gradually shifts back to resting states, prioritizing vital organs.
    • Muscle Pump Effect: During exercise, the muscle pump mechanism enhances blood flow to the upper body through venous return.
    • Blood Pressure Differences: Factors like gravity and vascular resistance cause higher blood pressure in the upper body compared to the lower body.
    • SV Static Exercise Impact: Static exercise may decrease stroke volume due to increased intrathoracic pressure, limiting venous return.
    • Heart Rate Increase: Dynamic exercise typically leads to a greater increase in heart rate compared to static exercise.
    • Volume Load vs Pressure Load: Volume load refers to increased blood volume, while pressure load refers to heightened arterial pressure during exercise.
    • Sex Differences in Cardiac Function: Males typically have higher cardiac output, while females exhibit differences in vascular resistance and heart dimension.
    • Aging Cardiovascular Changes: Aging leads to increased stiffness of blood vessels, decreased maximum heart rate, and changes in cardiac structure.
    • Ejection Fraction Consistency: Ejection fraction decreases with age due to reduced cardiac efficiency.
    • Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Recap: ( MAP = DBP + \frac{1}{3}(SBP - DBP) ) is a critical indicator of perfusion pressure to organs.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of ATP production pathways including glycolysis, PDH, Krebs cycle, and beta-oxidation. Learn about the ATP, NADH, and FADH production in each pathway.

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