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Questions and Answers
What is the characteristic feature of atopic individuals in terms of eosinophils and IgE levels?
What is the characteristic feature of atopic individuals in terms of eosinophils and IgE levels?
- Absence of eosinophils and total levels of IgE
- Lower numbers of eosinophils and total levels of IgE
- Higher numbers of eosinophils and total levels of IgE (correct)
- Normal numbers of eosinophils and total levels of IgE
What are the conditions that favor the production of IgE antibodies according to the text?
What are the conditions that favor the production of IgE antibodies according to the text?
- Immune system challenged by large quantities of antigen and basophils producing IL-4
- Immune system suppressed with allergen exposure
- Immune system challenged by small quantities of antigen and basophils producing IL-4 (correct)
- Immune system overloaded with antigens and basophils producing IL-2
What triggers class switching to IgE in activated, antigen-specific B cells?
What triggers class switching to IgE in activated, antigen-specific B cells?
- TH2 T cells secreting IL-4 and other cytokines (correct)
- TH1 T cells secreting IL-4 and other cytokines
- TH17 T cells secreting IL-4
- TH2 T cells secreting IFN-gamma
What type of substances drive type I hypersensitivity responses according to the text?
What type of substances drive type I hypersensitivity responses according to the text?
What is the characteristic feature of a late-phase reaction following mast cell activation by an allergen?
What is the characteristic feature of a late-phase reaction following mast cell activation by an allergen?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is triggered by chemokines, cytokines, and leukotrienes synthesized by mast cells?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is triggered by chemokines, cytokines, and leukotrienes synthesized by mast cells?
What is the primary role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in non-allergic individuals exposed to environmental antigens that drive type I responses?
What is the primary role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in non-allergic individuals exposed to environmental antigens that drive type I responses?
In individuals with a predisposition towards allergies, what immune responses are driven by environmental antigens?
In individuals with a predisposition towards allergies, what immune responses are driven by environmental antigens?
What is the primary trigger for allergic asthma?
What is the primary trigger for allergic asthma?
Which type of hypersensitivity response is characterized by raised, itchy swellings on the skin?
Which type of hypersensitivity response is characterized by raised, itchy swellings on the skin?
What is the hallmark feature of chronic asthma?
What is the hallmark feature of chronic asthma?
Which condition results from prolonged allergic responses in the skin characterized by chronic inflammation and itching skin rash?
Which condition results from prolonged allergic responses in the skin characterized by chronic inflammation and itching skin rash?
Which receptor antagonism is responsible for the sedation caused by antihistamines?
Which receptor antagonism is responsible for the sedation caused by antihistamines?
What is a potential adverse effect of antihistamines in children, as mentioned in the text?
What is a potential adverse effect of antihistamines in children, as mentioned in the text?
Which generation of antihistamines is more likely to cause CNS penetration due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier?
Which generation of antihistamines is more likely to cause CNS penetration due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier?
What symptom relief is specifically mentioned as an additional use of diphenhydramine?
What symptom relief is specifically mentioned as an additional use of diphenhydramine?
Compared to 1st generation antihistamines, what is a distinguishing feature of 2nd generation antihistamines?
Compared to 1st generation antihistamines, what is a distinguishing feature of 2nd generation antihistamines?
What is the primary reason for loratadine and cetirizine to have less sedation and adverse effects compared to diphenhydramine?
What is the primary reason for loratadine and cetirizine to have less sedation and adverse effects compared to diphenhydramine?
Which antihistamine is excreted primarily in the feces, inhibits absorption with fruit juices, and has minimal hepatic metabolism?
Which antihistamine is excreted primarily in the feces, inhibits absorption with fruit juices, and has minimal hepatic metabolism?
Why does levocetirizine have a high bioavailability compared to fexofenadine?
Why does levocetirizine have a high bioavailability compared to fexofenadine?
Which antihistamine has the highest bioavailability and is distributed in all tissues including the CNS?
Which antihistamine has the highest bioavailability and is distributed in all tissues including the CNS?
What is the primary difference in the metabolism of loratadine compared to cetirizine and fexofenadine?
What is the primary difference in the metabolism of loratadine compared to cetirizine and fexofenadine?
Which receptor is blocked by some antihistamine drugs causing dry mouth and constipation?
Which receptor is blocked by some antihistamine drugs causing dry mouth and constipation?
Which of the following antihistamines is most likely to cross the blood-brain barrier?
Which of the following antihistamines is most likely to cross the blood-brain barrier?
What is a significant difference in mechanism of action between fexofenadine and diphenhydramine?
What is a significant difference in mechanism of action between fexofenadine and diphenhydramine?
Which antihistamine is least likely to interact adversely with fruit juices?
Which antihistamine is least likely to interact adversely with fruit juices?
In anaphylaxis treatment with epinephrine, which antihistamine may be used as an adjunctive therapy?
In anaphylaxis treatment with epinephrine, which antihistamine may be used as an adjunctive therapy?
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