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Questions and Answers
What is the simplest form of matter that is not divisible into simpler substances?
What is the simplest form of matter that is not divisible into simpler substances?
Which term refers to a pure substance with a characteristic number of protons?
Which term refers to a pure substance with a characteristic number of protons?
What distinguishes isotopes of an element from each other?
What distinguishes isotopes of an element from each other?
What type of bond involves the sharing of electrons among atoms?
What type of bond involves the sharing of electrons among atoms?
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Which of the following types of bonds is characterized by the transfer of electrons?
Which of the following types of bonds is characterized by the transfer of electrons?
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What is the result of two atoms sharing electrons equally?
What is the result of two atoms sharing electrons equally?
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What kind of bond is formed between hydrogen and other atoms that is relatively weak?
What kind of bond is formed between hydrogen and other atoms that is relatively weak?
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What is energy exchange in cells primarily a result of?
What is energy exchange in cells primarily a result of?
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What is the definition of oxidation?
What is the definition of oxidation?
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What type of reactions are essential to biochemical processes?
What type of reactions are essential to biochemical processes?
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What does the pH scale measure?
What does the pH scale measure?
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Which of the following correctly describes hydrophilic molecules?
Which of the following correctly describes hydrophilic molecules?
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Which type of macromolecule includes triglycerides and phospholipids?
Which type of macromolecule includes triglycerides and phospholipids?
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What is the term for compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms?
What is the term for compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms?
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What type of bond can carbon form?
What type of bond can carbon form?
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Which of the following describes amphipathic molecules?
Which of the following describes amphipathic molecules?
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What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
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Which nitrogen bases are found in DNA?
Which nitrogen bases are found in DNA?
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What type of bond links monosaccharides together to form polysaccharides?
What type of bond links monosaccharides together to form polysaccharides?
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What is the primary function of triglycerides?
What is the primary function of triglycerides?
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Which molecule is primarily responsible for organizing protein synthesis?
Which molecule is primarily responsible for organizing protein synthesis?
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What is the structural shape of DNA?
What is the structural shape of DNA?
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What are the three components of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
What are the three components of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
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What is the role of proteins in cells?
What is the role of proteins in cells?
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Study Notes
Atoms, Bonds, and Molecules
- Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
- Matter is made up of atoms.
- Atoms are the simplest form of matter that can't be broken down into simpler substances.
- Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Elements are pure substances with a unique number of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Elements have predictable chemical behaviors.
Characteristics of Elements
- Atomic number is the number of protons.
- Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons.
- Isotopes are forms of an element with different mass numbers (different number of neutrons).
- Atomic weight is the average of the mass numbers of an element's isotopes.
- Electron orbitals are volumes of space surrounding the atom's nucleus where electrons are likely to be found.
Molecules and Bonds
- A molecule is a distinct chemical substance formed by two or more atoms.
- Compounds are molecules that are combinations of two or more different elements.
- Chemical bonds form when two or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons to form molecules and compounds.
- There are three types of chemical bonds: covalent, ionic, and hydrogen.
3 Types of Chemical Bonds
- Covalent bonds: electrons are shared among atoms.
- Polar covalent bonds: unequal sharing of electrons
- Nonpolar covalent bonds: equal sharing of electrons.
- Ionic bonds: Electrons are transferred to one atom, creating positively charged cations and negatively charged anions.
- Hydrogen bonds: weak bonds between hydrogen and other atoms.
Biological Molecules
- Several important biological molecules are found in living organisms, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules have diverse functions and structures within cells.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are sugars and polysaccharides.
- They have the general formula (CH₂O)ₙ.
- Monosaccharides are the monomers (glucose, fructose).
- Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides (starch, cellulose, and glycogen).
- Subunits in polysaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds.
- Carbohydrates provide structural support and store energy.
Lipids
- Lipids are long or complex hydrophobic chains.
- Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids like cholesterol.
- Triglycerides are used for energy storage
- Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes.
- Steroids are components of cell membranes.
Proteins
- Proteins are the dominant molecules in cells.
- Proteins are made up of 20 different amino acids
- Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form peptides, polypeptides, and proteins.
- Proteins fold into very specific 3-D shapes.
- Proteins have diverse functions, including support, enzymes, transport, defense, and movement.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA.
- Nucleic acids are made of monomers called nucleotides.
- DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid with nitrogenous bases A, T, C, G, and a double helix.
- DNA stores hereditary material.
- RNA is ribonucleic acid with nitrogenous bases A, U, C, G.
- RNA is involved in protein synthesis.
ATP: The Energy Molecule of Cells
- ATP is adenosine triphosphate, a nucleotide with adenine, ribose, and three phosphates.
- ATP is used for energy transfer and storage in cells.
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
- Organic compounds contain carbon.
- Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon.
- Macronutrients (needed in large amounts) include oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sulfur.
- Micronutrients (needed in small amounts) include selenium and zinc.
- Air is made of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and neon.
- Optimal amount of nutrients signifies the balanced quantity of nutrients for optimal health.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of chemistry with this quiz focused on atoms, bonds, and molecules. Explore key concepts such as atomic structure, the characteristics of elements, and the nature of molecules and bonds. Perfect for students studying introductory chemistry.
