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Questions and Answers
Which subatomic particle carries a positive charge?
Which subatomic particle carries a positive charge?
- Electron
- Neutron
- Proton (correct)
- Ion
What is the charge of a neutron?
What is the charge of a neutron?
- Variable
- Neutral (correct)
- Positive
- Negative
What determines the atomic number of an element?
What determines the atomic number of an element?
- The number of electrons plus protons
- The total number of protons (correct)
- The number of neutrons
- The mass number
Which statement is true regarding isotopes?
Which statement is true regarding isotopes?
What does the mass number represent?
What does the mass number represent?
Where are electrons located in an atom?
Where are electrons located in an atom?
Which of the following correctly represents zinc with its atomic number and mass number?
Which of the following correctly represents zinc with its atomic number and mass number?
Why do atoms in their neutral state have a zero charge?
Why do atoms in their neutral state have a zero charge?
How can the number of neutrons in an atom be calculated?
How can the number of neutrons in an atom be calculated?
What transformation occurs when an atom loses electrons?
What transformation occurs when an atom loses electrons?
What is an anion?
What is an anion?
Which of the following correctly defines the charge number of an ion?
Which of the following correctly defines the charge number of an ion?
In a neutral bromine atom, how many protons does it have?
In a neutral bromine atom, how many protons does it have?
What type of ion is formed when an atom loses electrons?
What type of ion is formed when an atom loses electrons?
What would you expect the charge of an atom to be if it has more protons than electrons?
What would you expect the charge of an atom to be if it has more protons than electrons?
Which formula is used to determine atomic mass?
Which formula is used to determine atomic mass?
What are isotopes?
What are isotopes?
What is the charge number determined by?
What is the charge number determined by?
Which isotope is commonly used in smoke detectors?
Which isotope is commonly used in smoke detectors?
Which of the following statements about isotones is true?
Which of the following statements about isotones is true?
Which radioisotope is used for treating thyroid diseases?
Which radioisotope is used for treating thyroid diseases?
In chemical reactions, which particles are involved?
In chemical reactions, which particles are involved?
When does the charge number of an element become negative?
When does the charge number of an element become negative?
What characterizes isobars?
What characterizes isobars?
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Study Notes
Structure of Atoms
- Atoms consist of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons have a positive charge (+1) and a relative mass of 1, located in the nucleus.
- Neutrons are neutral (0 charge) and also have a relative mass of 1, found in the nucleus.
- Electrons carry a negative charge (-1), are outside the nucleus, and have a very small relative mass (1/1840).
Charge and Composition of Atoms
- A neutral atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons, resulting in a net charge of zero.
- Electrons are chiefly responsible for an atom's chemical properties and reactivity.
- The nucleus remains unchanged during chemical reactions but can change during nuclear reactions.
Atomic Notation
- Elements are represented by chemical symbols where the upper number indicates atomic number, and the lower number indicates mass number.
- Example: Zinc (Zn) has an atomic number of 30 and a mass of 65.38 amu.
- Mass numbers are always greater than atomic numbers in notation, confirming accurate representation.
Atomic Number and Mass Number
- The atomic number (Z), also called proton number, reflects the number of protons and determines the element’s identity.
- The mass number (A) is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.
- Neutron count can be calculated as the difference between mass number and atomic number.
Ions and Charge Number
- Electrons can be easily removed or added to an atom, creating ions with a charge.
- Cations are positive ions (fewer electrons than protons), while anions are negative ions (more electrons than protons).
- Charge number (q) is calculated as the difference between the number of protons and electrons.
Isotopes
- Isotopes are variants of elements with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
- Most isotopes occur naturally, while artificial isotopes (radioisotopes) can also be produced, often releasing radioactivity upon decay.
- Isotopes share similar chemical properties and therefore react similarly regardless of their neutron count.
Applications of Isotopes
- Americium-241 is used in smoke detectors.
- Californium-252 assists in the detection of explosives.
- Iodine-131 is employed in the treatment of thyroid diseases.
- Carbon-14 is utilized for dating organic compounds, while uranium-238 helps in estimating the age of rocks.
Distinction between Isotopes, Isobars, and Isotones
- Isotopes have the same number of protons but different neutrons.
- Isobars have the same mass number but different atomic numbers.
- Isotones have the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons.
Formulas and Calculations
- Atomic mass can be calculated with A = Z + n, where n is the number of neutrons.
- The charge number can be determined by q = p - e, involving the number of protons (p) and electrons (e).
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