Atoms and Nuclear Reactions
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Questions and Answers

What describes the charge and nature of a neutron?

  • Charge of +1, and exists in the nucleus.
  • Charge of 0, and is found surrounding the nucleus.
  • Charge of 0, and exists in the nucleus. (correct)
  • Charge of -1, and exists outside the nucleus.

What is the nucleon number of an atom defined as?

  • The number of neutrons in the atom.
  • The number of protons only.
  • The mass of the electrons in the atom.
  • The sum of protons and neutrons. (correct)

Which of the following statements is correct regarding isotopes?

  • Isotopes have different mass numbers. (correct)
  • Isotopes have different proton numbers.
  • Isotopes are defined by the number of neutrons.
  • Isotopes of the same element have the same neutron number.

How is the atomic mass of an element calculated?

<p>The average of the isotopic masses of its isotopes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In isotopic notation, what does the superscript represent?

<p>The mass number of the isotope. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative isotopic mass of an isotope?

<p>The mass of an atom of an isotope related to one atomic mass unit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For potassium (K), which statement is true regarding its isotopes?

<p>39K accounts for 93% of the normal isotopic mixture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of beta particles?

<p>-1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation is unaffected by an electric field?

<p>Gamma rays (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When balancing a nuclear equation, which of the following must be conserved?

<p>Total mass number and total atomic number (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is an alpha particle represented in nuclear equations?

<p>42 He (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the penetration ability of alpha particles in air?

<p>Few cm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic mass of potassium?

<p>39.1 u (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In finding the percentage of 20Ne in the isotopic mixture, what percentage of 22Ne is present when 20Ne is 90%?

<p>10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which isotopes make up the normal isotropic mixture of gallium (Ga)?

<p>69Ga and 71Ga (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nuclear reaction involves the collision of two atomic nuclei to form a new nucleus?

<p>Fusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative atomic mass of Ne if it consists of 20Ne and 22Ne?

<p>20.2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 6Li accounts for 7.4% of the isotropic mixture, what percentage does 7Li account for?

<p>92.6% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of radiation emitted in nuclear reactions?

<p>Delta particles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fission nuclear reactions?

<p>Splitting heavy nuclei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you calculate the atomic mass when given the percentages of isotopes?

<p>Multiply the mass of each isotope by its percentage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which isotope has a higher mass, 20Ne or 22Ne?

<p>22Ne (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atom

The smallest particle in an element, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons.

Nucleus

The central part of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons.

Neutron

A particle found in the nucleus with a neutral charge.

Proton

A particle found in the nucleus with a positive charge.

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Nuclide

A specific type of atom characterized by its unique number of protons and neutrons.

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Atomic number (Z)

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus, determining the element.

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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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What are alpha particles?

Alpha (α) particles are positively charged particles made up of two protons and two neutrons, with a mass of 4 atomic mass units (u). They are emitted during radioactive decay, travelling at approximately 5% the speed of light. Due to their large size and charge, they interact strongly with matter and have a short penetration range of just a few centimeters in air.

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What are beta particles?

Beta (β) particles are high-energy electrons or positrons emitted during radioactive decay. They are much smaller and lighter than alpha particles, enabling them to travel at speeds close to the speed of light. Beta particles are more penetrating than alpha particles, with a range of several meters in air.

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What are gamma rays?

Gamma (γ) rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay. They are massless and travel at the speed of light. Gamma rays are highly penetrating and can travel through several kilometers of air, making them the most dangerous type of radiation.

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How to balance nuclear equations?

In a nuclear equation, the total mass number (number of protons and neutrons) and the total atomic number (number of protons) must be equal on both sides of the equation. This ensures that the same number of protons and neutrons are present before and after the nuclear reaction.

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What are the charges of alpha, beta, and gamma particles?

Alpha (α) particles have a +2 charge due to the presence of two protons. Beta (β) particles have a -1 charge if they are electrons or a +1 charge if they are positrons. Gamma (γ) rays are neutral and have no charge.

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Atomic Mass

The average mass of an element's atoms, taking into account the abundance of its isotopes.

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Isotopic Abundance

The percentage of each isotope in a naturally occurring sample of an element.

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Fusion

A process where two atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus and release energy.

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Fission

A process where a heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei, releasing energy.

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Alpha Particle (α)

A positively charged particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons, emitted during radioactive decay.

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Beta Particle (β)

A negatively charged particle emitted during radioactive decay. It's essentially an electron.

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Gamma Radiation (γ)

High-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay.

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Radioactive Decay

The process by which an unstable atomic nucleus transforms into a more stable nucleus by emitting radiation.

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Half-life

The time it takes for half of the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay.

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Study Notes

The Atom

  • Atoms are the smallest particles of an element
  • Atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons
  • The nucleus contains protons and neutrons
  • A proton has a positive charge (+1)
  • A neutron has no charge (0)
  • An electron has a negative charge (-1)
  • Protons and neutrons can exist independently
  • A nuclide is an atomic species with known proton and neutron numbers
  • Atomic number (Z) is equal to the number of protons (and electrons)
  • Nucleon number (A) is the sum of protons and neutrons (also called mass number)
  • Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
  • Isotopic mass is the mass of an atom of an isotope, expressed in atomic mass units (u)
  • The atomic mass of an element is the average of the isotopic masses of its isotopes, weighted by their abundance in nature.

Nuclear Reactions

  • Fusion occurs when two atomic nuclei collide and fuse to form a new nucleus
  • Fission occurs when a heavy nucleus splits into lighter nuclei
  • Alpha particles (α) are positively charged (He-4) particles
  • Beta particles (β) are negatively charged electrons produced by radioactive decay
  • Gamma rays (γ) are high-energy electromagnetic radiation with no charge
  • Nuclear reactions involve changes in the nucleus of an atom

Balancing Nuclear Equations

  • Mass number and atomic number must be equal on both sides of a nuclear equation
  • Different particles like alpha particles, beta particles, protons, and neutrons are used in nuclear reactions.

Half-Life and Activity

  • Activity of a radioactive substance is the number of disintegrations per unit time
  • Half-life is the time it takes for half of a radioactive substance to decay

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The Atom PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of atoms, their structure, and the nature of nuclear reactions. This quiz covers atomic particles, isotopes, and the processes of fusion and fission in nuclear physics. Test your knowledge on how these elements work together to form the building blocks of matter.

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