Atoms and Molecules Quiz

Study Notes

Atoms

Definition: The basic unit of matter; smallest unit of an element.
Structure: Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons: Positively charged, located in the nucleus.
- Neutrons: Neutral charge, also in the nucleus.
- Electrons: Negatively charged, orbit the nucleus in electron shells.
Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom; determines the element.
Mass Number: Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Molecules

Definition: Two or more atoms bonded together.
Types of Bonds:
- Covalent Bonds: Atoms share electrons (e.g., H2O).
- Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons from one atom to another (e.g., NaCl).
Molecular Formula: Shows the number and type of atoms in a molecule (e.g., C6H12O6 for glucose).
Structural Formula: Represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.

Naming Compounds

Ionic Compounds:
- Composed of cations (positively charged) and anions (negatively charged).
- Name the cation first, followed by the anion.
- Example: NaCl is sodium chloride.
Covalent Compounds:
- Use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms (mono-, di-, tri-, etc.).
- The first element is named as is, the second element is modified to end in -ide.
- Example: CO2 is carbon dioxide.
Acids:
- Binary Acids: Composed of hydrogen and one other non-metal (e.g., HCl is hydrochloric acid).
- Oxyacids: Contain hydrogen, oxygen, and another element (e.g., H2SO4 is sulfuric acid).
Organic Compounds:
- Named based on the longest carbon chain and functional groups.
- Common prefixes indicate the number of carbons (meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, etc.).
- Suffixes indicate functional groups (e.g., -ol for alcohol, -oic acid for carboxylic acids).

Atoms

Basic unit of matter; smallest entity of an element.
Contains protons (positive charge) and neutrons (neutral charge) in the nucleus.
Electrons (negative charge) orbit the nucleus in electron shells.
Atomic Number represents the number of protons and identifies the element.
Mass Number is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Isotopes are variations of an element differing in neutron count.

Molecules

Formed by two or more atoms bonded together.
Covalent Bonds involve shared electrons (e.g., water - H2O).
Ionic Bonds result from the transfer of electrons (e.g., sodium chloride - NaCl).
Molecular Formula indicates quantity and type of atoms in a molecule (e.g., glucose - C6H12O6).
Structural Formula displays the arrangement of atoms and the bonds between them.

Naming Compounds

Ionic Compounds consist of cations and anions; cations are named first followed by anions (e.g., NaCl = sodium chloride).
Covalent Compounds utilize prefixes (mono-, di-, tri-) to indicate the quantity of atoms; first element retains its name while the second ends in -ide (e.g., CO2 = carbon dioxide).
Acids categorized into:
- Binary Acids: Hydrogen combined with a non-metal (e.g., HCl = hydrochloric acid).
- Oxyacids: Contain hydrogen, oxygen, and another element (e.g., H2SO4 = sulfuric acid).
Organic Compounds named by identifying the longest carbon chain and functional groups; common prefixes denote carbon atom count (meth-, eth-, prop-, but-), and suffixes indicate functional groups (e.g., -ol for alcohol, -oic acid for carboxylic acids).

Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of atoms and molecules. This quiz covers their definitions, structures, types of bonds, and important concepts such as atomic number and molecular formulas. Ideal for students studying chemistry.