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What did Ernest Rutherford use to probe atomic structure?
What did Ernest Rutherford use to probe atomic structure?
What was observed when alpha particles were shot at the gold foil?
What was observed when alpha particles were shot at the gold foil?
From Rutherford's experiment, what did he conclude about the atom's positive charge?
From Rutherford's experiment, what did he conclude about the atom's positive charge?
What is the charge on the particles that form the beam of beta particles?
What is the charge on the particles that form the beam of beta particles?
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What is the approximate diameter of the nucleus in units of pm?
What is the approximate diameter of the nucleus in units of pm?
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What is the mass of a proton compared to an electron?
What is the mass of a proton compared to an electron?
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What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
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What does Rutherford's model of the atom suggest about its structure?
What does Rutherford's model of the atom suggest about its structure?
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What is the typical radius of an atomic nucleus?
What is the typical radius of an atomic nucleus?
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Which subatomic particle has a charge of +1?
Which subatomic particle has a charge of +1?
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What charge do protons have?
What charge do protons have?
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What unit is used as the base unit for atomic mass?
What unit is used as the base unit for atomic mass?
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Which of the following statements is true about neutrons?
Which of the following statements is true about neutrons?
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Why did some alpha particles experience a large deflection during Rutherford's experiment?
Why did some alpha particles experience a large deflection during Rutherford's experiment?
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Atoms of the same element have the same number of which type of subatomic particle?
Atoms of the same element have the same number of which type of subatomic particle?
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What is measured in a mass spectrometer?
What is measured in a mass spectrometer?
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Who is the scientist associated with the reemergence of atomic theory in the early nineteenth century?
Who is the scientist associated with the reemergence of atomic theory in the early nineteenth century?
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What fundamental claim does Dalton's first postulate make about elements?
What fundamental claim does Dalton's first postulate make about elements?
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According to Dalton, how do atoms of different elements compare?
According to Dalton, how do atoms of different elements compare?
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What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state?
What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state?
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What is the main idea behind Dalton’s fourth postulate regarding compounds?
What is the main idea behind Dalton’s fourth postulate regarding compounds?
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Proust's Law of Definite Proportions asserts that samples of a compound will have:
Proust's Law of Definite Proportions asserts that samples of a compound will have:
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Which statement about chemical reactions is true according to Dalton's theory?
Which statement about chemical reactions is true according to Dalton's theory?
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What defines isotopes of the same element?
What defines isotopes of the same element?
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If the ratio of the masses of different elements in a compound is fixed, what can also be inferred?
If the ratio of the masses of different elements in a compound is fixed, what can also be inferred?
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What is the atomic number (Z) of oxygen?
What is the atomic number (Z) of oxygen?
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Where are protons located in an atom?
Where are protons located in an atom?
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What is the charge of a neutron?
What is the charge of a neutron?
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What does the atomic number represent?
What does the atomic number represent?
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What is the mass number of an atom calculated from?
What is the mass number of an atom calculated from?
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How do electrons occupy shells around the nucleus of an atom?
How do electrons occupy shells around the nucleus of an atom?
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Which statement about elements is true?
Which statement about elements is true?
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What are valence electrons?
What are valence electrons?
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In the Bohr Model, what represents the protons and neutrons?
In the Bohr Model, what represents the protons and neutrons?
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How are atoms primarily organized in the periodic table?
How are atoms primarily organized in the periodic table?
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Which particle orbits the nucleus of an atom?
Which particle orbits the nucleus of an atom?
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Which of the following statements about atomic mass is correct?
Which of the following statements about atomic mass is correct?
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Study Notes
Atomic Theory of Matter
- Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, reintroduced by John Dalton in the early 19th century.
- Dalton proposed that each element is made of indivisible atoms that are identical in mass and properties.
- Chemical reactions rearrange atoms; they are neither created nor destroyed, adhering to the Law of Conservation of Mass.
- Dalton's fourth postulate states that atoms of different elements combine to form compounds in fixed ratios, supported by Proust's Law of Definite Proportions.
Discovery of the Nucleus
- Ernest Rutherford conducted a famous gold foil experiment where alpha particles were shot at thin metal foils to probe atomic structure.
- Most alpha particles passed through with little deflection, indicating that atoms are mostly empty space.
- Large-angle deflections suggested a dense, positively charged nucleus, composed of protons, at the center of the atom.
Structure of the Atom
- Protons have a positive charge, while electrons carry a negative charge; neutrons are neutral.
- Protons and neutrons have similar masses, while electrons have negligible mass compared to them.
- The atomic nucleus is where protons and neutrons reside, and the typical atomic radius is about 100 picometers (pm), with the nucleus being significantly smaller at about 5 x 10^-3 pm.
Atomic Mass and Weight
- Atomic mass is extremely small, with the heaviest known atoms weighing approximately 4 x 10^-22 g.
- The atomic mass unit (amu) is the standard for measuring atomic masses, where 1 amu = 1.66054 × 10^-24 g.
Isotopes
- Isotopes are variants of the same element that differ in neutron count, hence differing in mass while maintaining the same number of protons.
- Atomic number (Z) represents the number of protons in the nucleus and determines the element.
Elements and the Periodic Table
- Elements consist of specific atoms and are denoted by one or two-letter symbols, such as "O" for oxygen.
- The periodic table organized elements based on atomic number, symbol, and average atomic mass, serving as a reference for all chemical elements.
Atom Models
- The Bohr Model depicts electrons in distinct orbits around the nucleus and shows protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- Electrons occupy energy levels or shells, with specific limits on how many electrons can exist in each shell, following the formula 2n^2.
Valence Electrons
- Electrons in the outermost shell are referred to as valence electrons and play a crucial role in chemical bonding and reactivity.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of the atomic theory that describes atoms as the fundamental building blocks of matter. This quiz highlights the postulates introduced by John Dalton in the early nineteenth century, which reshaped our understanding of elements and their compositions.
