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Questions and Answers
Which atomic theory states that all atoms of a given element are identical?
Which atomic theory states that all atoms of a given element are identical?
- Thomson
- Dalton (correct)
- Rutherford
- Bohr
What is the fundamental particle that every element consists of?
What is the fundamental particle that every element consists of?
- Ions
- None
- Molecules
- Atom (correct)
Which state of matter was not primarily involved in Dalton's atomic theory observations?
Which state of matter was not primarily involved in Dalton's atomic theory observations?
- Liquids
- Solids
- Plasma (correct)
- Gases
What occurs to atoms during chemical reactions according to atomic theory?
What occurs to atoms during chemical reactions according to atomic theory?
In which category do different bonding combinations of an element fall?
In which category do different bonding combinations of an element fall?
An atom becomes electrically neutral when the number of electrons in its orbitals is what in relation to protons?
An atom becomes electrically neutral when the number of electrons in its orbitals is what in relation to protons?
What is the term for an atom that has a different number of electrons than protons?
What is the term for an atom that has a different number of electrons than protons?
What type of bond involves at least one electron no longer interacting only with one nucleus?
What type of bond involves at least one electron no longer interacting only with one nucleus?
What defines the strength of interatomic or intermolecular interactions in a material?
What defines the strength of interatomic or intermolecular interactions in a material?
Ionic solids typically have what kind of melting points compared to covalent or metallic solids?
Ionic solids typically have what kind of melting points compared to covalent or metallic solids?
When sufficient energy is added to a gas, this causes the formation of what state?
When sufficient energy is added to a gas, this causes the formation of what state?
Gases have what type of electrical conductivity due to the absence of free electrons?
Gases have what type of electrical conductivity due to the absence of free electrons?
Covalent compounds are typically classified as good electrical:
Covalent compounds are typically classified as good electrical:
What changes in a solid when subjected to an external force?
What changes in a solid when subjected to an external force?
The ratio of stress to strain represents which of the following?
The ratio of stress to strain represents which of the following?
Naturally occurring polymers including proteins are made of which basic units?
Naturally occurring polymers including proteins are made of which basic units?
What characterizes an ion?
What characterizes an ion?
Which of the following statements about covalent bonds is true?
Which of the following statements about covalent bonds is true?
What defines the state of a material?
What defines the state of a material?
Which statement accurately describes chiral molecules?
Which statement accurately describes chiral molecules?
How do ionic solids compare to covalent or metallic solids in terms of melting points?
How do ionic solids compare to covalent or metallic solids in terms of melting points?
What is true regarding ceramics?
What is true regarding ceramics?
Which of the following correctly describes elastomers?
Which of the following correctly describes elastomers?
Which statement about alloys is accurate?
Which statement about alloys is accurate?
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Study Notes
Atomic Theory
- Dalton's Atomic Theory: States all atoms of a given element are identical in mass & properties
- Atoms: The fundamental building blocks of elements, making up the entire universe
- Molecules: Formed by the bonding of multiple atoms
- Bonding: Atoms can bond together to form molecules, creating new substances
- Allotropes: Different structures that atoms of an element can form
Atomic Structure & Elements
- Nucleus: The atom's central region, containing protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge)
- Electrons: Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus
- Atomic Radius: The size of an atom, for example, a Helium atom has a radius of 31pm.
- Atomic Mass: Determined mainly by the number of protons & neutrons in the nucleus
- Neutral Atoms: Have an equal number of electrons and protons, resulting in no net charge
- Ions: Atoms with an unequal number of protons and electrons, meaning they have a net charge
- Coulomb Force: The force of attraction or repulsion between charged particles, influencing ion interactions
Bonding
- Ionic Bond: Formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in oppositely charged ions.
- Covalent Bond: Formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms, resulting in stable molecules
- Metallic Bond: Electrons are delocalized, forming a "sea" of electrons that allows for good electrical conductivity.
States of Matter
- Solids: Have a fixed shape and volume, with strong interatomic interactions
- Liquids: Have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container, with weaker interatomic interaction than solids
- Gases: No fixed shape or volume, with very weak interatomic interactions
- Plasma: Formed when enough energy is added to a gas, causing ionization and free electrons.
Material Properties
- Young's Modulus: The ratio of stress (force per unit area) to strain (deformation) which determines material strength
- Anisotropic: Material properties differ depending on direction (e.g., wood is stronger along the grain)
- Alloys: Mixtures of two or more metals, with characteristics different from the components
- Ceramics: Non-metallic solids with good thermal and electrical insulating properties
- Glass: An amorphous (non-crystalline) form of ceramic materials, known for its transparency and brittleness
Polymers
- Polymers: Large molecules made up of long chains of repeating units (monomers)
- Naturally Occurring Polymers: Including proteins (amino acids) and carbohydrates
- Elastomers: Polymers that can be repeatedly distorted without breaking (for example, rubber)
- Agonists: Substances that mimic the action of a natural molecule, activating a receptor.
- Antagonists: Substances that block the action of a natural molecule, preventing receptor activation.
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