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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of protons in an atom?
What is the primary function of protons in an atom?
Neutrons have a positive charge.
Neutrons have a positive charge.
False
What is the Aufbau principle in electron configuration?
What is the Aufbau principle in electron configuration?
Electrons occupy the lowest available energy level
The number of neutrons in an atom can vary, leading to different _______________ of the same element.
The number of neutrons in an atom can vary, leading to different _______________ of the same element.
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What is the primary type of nuclear reaction that involves the splitting of an atomic nucleus?
What is the primary type of nuclear reaction that involves the splitting of an atomic nucleus?
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Match the scientists with their discoveries:
Match the scientists with their discoveries:
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The Quantum Mechanical Model describes electrons as orbiting the nucleus in specific paths.
The Quantum Mechanical Model describes electrons as orbiting the nucleus in specific paths.
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What is the primary function of the principal quantum number (n)?
What is the primary function of the principal quantum number (n)?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
Protons
- Positive charge
- Located in the nucleus (central part of the atom)
- Mass: approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
- Number of protons determines the element (atomic number)
Neutrons
- No charge
- Located in the nucleus
- Mass: approximately 1 amu
- Number of neutrons varies, leading to different isotopes of the same element
Electron Configuration
- Arrangement of electrons in energy levels (shells) around the nucleus
- Each shell has a specific capacity (number of electrons it can hold)
- Electron configuration determines chemical properties of an element
- Aufbau principle: electrons occupy the lowest available energy level
- Pauli's exclusion principle: each electron has a unique set of quantum numbers
Nuclear Reactions
- Changes in the nucleus of an atom
- Types:
- Radioactive decay: spontaneous emission of radiation
- Nuclear fission: splitting of an atomic nucleus
- Nuclear fusion: combination of atomic nuclei
- Nuclear reactions involve changes in the number of protons, neutrons, or both
Quantum Numbers
- Set of four numbers that describe an electron's energy, shape, and orientation
- Principal quantum number (n): energy level (shell)
- Azimuthal quantum number (l): shape of the orbital
- Magnetic quantum number (m): orientation of the orbital
- Spin quantum number (s): spin of the electron (+1/2 or -1/2)
Discovery of Subatomic Particles
- Proton: Ernest Rutherford (1919)
- Electron: J.J. Thomson (1897)
- Neutron: James Chadwick (1932)
Atomic Models
- Rutherford's Atomic Model (1911):
- Nucleus with protons and neutrons
- Electrons orbiting the nucleus
- Bohr's Atomic Model (1913):
- Energy levels (shells) for electrons
- Electrons jump to higher or lower energy levels by absorbing or emitting energy
- Quantum Mechanical Model:
- Electron cloud (probability of finding an electron)
- Orbitals (shapes of electron clouds)
- Quantum numbers to describe electrons
Atomic Structure
Protons and Neutrons
- Protons: positively charged, located in the nucleus, approximately 1 amu in mass, and determine the element (atomic number)
- Neutrons: no charge, located in the nucleus, approximately 1 amu in mass, and vary in number to form different isotopes of the same element
Electron Configuration
- Arrangement of electrons in energy levels (shells) around the nucleus
- Each shell has a specific capacity (number of electrons it can hold)
- Determines chemical properties of an element
- Aufbau principle: electrons occupy the lowest available energy level
- Pauli's exclusion principle: each electron has a unique set of quantum numbers
Nuclear Reactions
- Changes in the nucleus of an atom involving protons, neutrons, or both
- Types:
- Radioactive decay: spontaneous emission of radiation
- Nuclear fission: splitting of an atomic nucleus
- Nuclear fusion: combination of atomic nuclei
Quantum Numbers
- Set of four numbers describing an electron's energy, shape, and orientation
- Principal quantum number (n): energy level (shell)
- Azimuthal quantum number (l): shape of the orbital
- Magnetic quantum number (m): orientation of the orbital
- Spin quantum number (s): spin of the electron (+1/2 or -1/2)
Discovery of Subatomic Particles
- Proton: discovered by Ernest Rutherford (1919)
- Electron: discovered by J.J. Thomson (1897)
- Neutron: discovered by James Chadwick (1932)
Atomic Models
- Rutherford's Atomic Model (1911):
- Nucleus with protons and neutrons
- Electrons orbiting the nucleus
- Bohr's Atomic Model (1913):
- Energy levels (shells) for electrons
- Electrons jump to higher or lower energy levels by absorbing or emitting energy
- Quantum Mechanical Model:
- Electron cloud (probability of finding an electron)
- Orbitals (shapes of electron clouds)
- Quantum numbers to describe electrons
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Description
Test your knowledge of atomic structure, including protons, neutrons, electron configuration, and more.
