Atomic Structure & Bonding Quiz

Study Notes

Atomic Structure & Bonding

Atoms: Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Protons: Positively charged, located in the nucleus
Neutrons: Neutral, located in the nucleus
Electrons: Negatively charged, orbit the nucleus
Covalent Bonds: Atoms share electrons to achieve stability
Ionic Bonds: Atoms transfer electrons to achieve stability (creating ions that are attracted to each other).
Polar Covalent Bond: Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms, creating a partial positive and partial negative charge (e.g., water)
Polar Molecules: Molecules with an uneven distribution of charge (e.g., water)
Elements forming covalent bonds: Nonmetals primarily form covalent bonds.
Elements of Life and their Bonds: Carbon - 4; Hydrogen - 1; Oxygen - 2; Nitrogen - 3; Phosphorus - 5; Sulfur - 2

Macromolecules

Monomers: Single units; Dimers: Two monomers joined; Polymers: Many monomers joined
Major Classes: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates:
Monomers: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose)
Dimers: Disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose)
Polymers: Polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose)
Lipids:
Monomers: Fatty acids, glycerol.
Polymers: Triglycerides
Proteins:
Monomers: Amino acids (20 different types)
Dimers: Dipeptides
Polymers: Polypeptides/Proteins
Nucleic Acids:
Monomers: Nucleotides
Polymers: DNA, RNA
Dehydration Synthesis: Links monomers by removing water molecules
Hydrolysis: Breaks polymers into monomers by adding water molecules.
Importance: Crucial for breaking down polymers to release energy or convert into other molecules.

Specific Information (Examples)

Glucose: Six-carbon sugar; (C₆H₁₂O₆); Essential for energy in cells. Can be linked together through dehydration synthesis, forming glycosidic bonds.
Functional Groups
Amino acids: (Amino group, carboxyl group, variable group (R-group))
Carbohydrate examples: Starch (energy storage in plants), glycogen (energy storage in animals), cellulose (structural component of plant cell walls).
Protein examples: Keratin (structural protein in hair and nails), collagen (structural protein in connective tissues).
Lipid examples:
Saturated fatty acids: No double bonds between carbon atoms; solid at room temperature; typically from animal sources (e.g., butter).
Unsaturated fatty acids: One or more double bonds between carbon atoms; liquid at room temperature; typically from plant sources (e.g., olive oil).
Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze biological reactions; lower activation energy; influenced by factors such as temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors.

Key Terms

Several terms are listed and explained above - these are critical to understanding the concepts of this unit. These should be reviewed for comprehension