Atomic Structure Basics
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Questions and Answers

What type of reaction involves the transfer of thermal energy from the surroundings to the chemicals?

  • Catalytic reaction
  • Redox reaction
  • Exothermic reaction
  • Endothermic reaction (correct)

What happens to the temperature of the environment during an endothermic reaction?

  • The temperature decreases (correct)
  • The temperature fluctuates dramatically
  • The temperature remains constant
  • The temperature increases

What is required for chemical reactions to take place between particles?

  • Collision with sufficient energy (correct)
  • High pressure
  • Stable temperature
  • Chemical catalysts

What is defined as the minimum energy required for particles to react?

<p>Activation energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a reaction profile, which of the following typically indicates the energy changes during a reaction?

<p>Activation barrier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of material is acknowledged for reproduction in this publication?

<p>Scientific illustrations (A), Artistic imagery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organization is AQA identified as in the content?

<p>An examination board (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the acknowledgments section in this publication?

<p>To list copyrighted materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of visual content is frequently mentioned in the acknowledgments?

<p>Photos and illustrations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of permission is primarily discussed in this content?

<p>Reproduction rights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context is AQA's material credited?

<p>Assessment resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the publication could be considered a form of academic integrity?

<p>Acknowledging copyright permissions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would likely be an important reason for including such acknowledgments?

<p>To avoid legal issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which particle in an atom carries a positive charge?

<p>Proton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do electrons reside in an atom?

<p>In energy levels (shells) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate radius of a nucleus compared to the entire atom?

<p>Less than 1/10,000th of the atom's radius (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about neutrons is true?

<p>Neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the mass of an atom primarily consist of?

<p>Neutrons and protons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the radius of a hydrogen atom in standard form?

<p>$2.5 imes 10^{-11}$ m (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the size of the nucleus often compared visually?

<p>A pea placed in the middle of a football pitch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which particle is associated with a negative charge?

<p>Electron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arrow indicates the activation energy for the reaction?

<p>Arrow D (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a reaction diagram, what do the reactants represent?

<p>The starting materials of the reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the reaction diagram illustrates the difference in energy between reactants and products?

<p>The overall energy change (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy of reactants during an exothermic reaction?

<p>It decreases as the reaction proceeds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred if the products are at a lower energy level than the reactants in a reaction diagram?

<p>The reaction releases energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arrow would depict the energy required to reach the transition state?

<p>Arrow C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a reaction diagram, what does the area above the reactants and below the transition state represent?

<p>The activation energy barrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a plateau in the reaction energy diagram typically indicate?

<p>The transition state has formed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of graphite in its solid state?

<p>It conducts electricity due to its layered structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What range must electrical conductivity be within for materials like graphite?

<p>Between 1 and 10. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property distinguishes calcium from graphite in terms of conductivity?

<p>Calcium does not conduct electricity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to graphite's conductivity when it is molten?

<p>It maintains its conductivity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the bonding properties of graphite?

<p>It possesses covalent bonds that create a layered structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the structure of graphite is incorrect?

<p>Graphite's layers are held together by strong covalent bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the conductivity of molten calcium from that of graphite?

<p>Molten calcium has lower conductivity than graphite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the structure of graphite contributes to its unique conductive properties?

<p>The freedom of electron movement between layers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When comparing the electrical conductive properties of metals and graphite, which statement is true?

<p>Metals generally conduct electricity better than graphite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the conductivity of graphite is correct?

<p>Graphite conducts electricity due to the presence of mobile electrons in its structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the number 0345 be expressed in scientific notation?

<p>3.45 × 10^2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct representation of 0345 when converted to scientific notation?

<p>3.45 × 10^3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting a number to scientific notation, what is the criterion for the digit placement?

<p>It must have one non-zero digit before the decimal point. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would you write 0.345 in scientific notation?

<p>If it is less than 1. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the notation × 10 represent when writing numbers in scientific notation?

<p>It shows the power of ten adjustment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a common mistake when writing numbers in scientific notation?

<p>Using more than one non-zero digit before the decimal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of moving the decimal point when writing scientific notation?

<p>It allows for an easier comparison of large and small numbers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to write numbers in scientific notation, particularly when they are larger or smaller than 1?

<p>To express very large or small quantities conveniently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you were to express the number 3450 in scientific notation, which of the following would be correct?

<p>3.45 × 10^3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

AQA GCSE Chemistry

A specific chemistry curriculum for GCSE level students offered by the AQA examination board.

Student Book

A textbook specifically designed for teaching and learning the AQA GCSE Chemistry curriculum.

Richard Grime

Possible author or contributor of the AQA GCSE Chemistry Student Book.

Nora Henry

Possible author or contributor of the AQA GCSE Chemistry Student Book.

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Copyright Material

Text and imagery used in the book that is protected by copyright law.

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Photographic Credits

List of photographers and image providers who supplied visuals for the book.

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Reproductions of Copyright Material

Usage of copyrighted material in the book by permission or license.

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Content Permissions

Formal approvals allowing use of pre-existing information, graphics and photographs.

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Endothermic reaction

A chemical reaction that absorbs thermal energy from its surroundings, causing a temperature decrease.

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Collision

The encounter between particles that are necessary for a chemical reaction to occur.

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Activation energy

The minimum energy needed for particles to react.

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Reaction Profile

A graph that illustrates the energy changes during a chemical reaction.

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Temperature

A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles.

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Proton

A positively charged particle found inside the nucleus of an atom.

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Neutron

A neutral particle with no charge found inside the nucleus of an atom.

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Electron

A negatively charged particle that moves in energy levels (shells) around the nucleus.

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Nucleus

The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons, where most of the atom's mass is located.

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Energy Level (Shell)

A region around the nucleus where electrons occupy specific energy levels.

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What is the relative size of the nucleus compared to the atom?

The nucleus is extremely small compared to the atom. It is about 1/10,000th the size of the entire atom.

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Where is most of the atom's mass located?

The nucleus contains most of the atom's mass because protons and neutrons are much heavier than electrons.

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How do electrons move around the nucleus?

Electrons move in specific energy levels (shells) around the nucleus, not in fixed orbits.

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Progress of Reaction

A measure of how far a chemical reaction has progressed, typically plotted on the x-axis of a reaction profile.

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Reactants

The substances that are present at the start of a chemical reaction and get changed into products.

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Products

The substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction.

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What is the activation energy in a reaction profile?

The activation energy is shown by the difference in energy between the reactants and the highest point on the curve, often labelled as Ea.

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What does the activation energy tell us about the rate of reaction?

A higher activation energy means that the reaction will proceed more slowly because fewer particles will have sufficient energy to overcome the energy barrier.

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Graphite Structure

Graphite is made of layers of carbon atoms arranged in hexagonal rings, with weak forces holding the layers together. This structure allows the layers to slide over each other, giving graphite its characteristic slipperiness.

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Graphite Bonding

Within each layer of graphite, carbon atoms are bonded to three other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds, forming sheets of hexagonal rings. This bonding allows electrons to move freely within the layers, contributing to its electrical conductivity.

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Graphite Conductivity

Graphite is a good conductor of electricity due to the delocalised electrons within its layers. These electrons can move freely and carry an electrical current.

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Graphite Uses

Graphite's unique properties make it useful in various applications, including pencils, lubricants, and electrodes in batteries and electric vehicles.

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Comparing Calcium and Graphite

Calcium and graphite have significantly different physical and chemical properties due to their different bonding and structures. Calcium is a solid metal, while graphite is a soft non-metal.

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Delocalized Electrons

In graphite, the outer electrons of the carbon atoms are not fixed to any particular atom, they can move freely within the layers. This contributes to its electrical conductivity.

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Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds are strong chemical bonds formed when atoms share electrons. In graphite, carbon atoms are bonded to three other carbon atoms by covalent bonds within each layer.

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Electrical Conductivity in Solids

Solids can be conductors, insulators, or semiconductors, depending on their ability to conduct an electrical current. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity, while other materials like glass or rubber are insulators.

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Standard Form

Standard form is a way of expressing very large or small numbers using a number between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10.

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How is Graphite Used in Pencils?

The graphite in pencils is mixed with clay to control its hardness and darkness. More clay makes the pencil harder and lighter, while less clay makes it softer and darker.

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Scientific Notation

A way to express very large or very small numbers using powers of ten. It involves writing a number between 1 and 10, multiplied by ten raised to a power.

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Decimal Point

The dot that separates the whole number part from the fractional part of a number.

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Significant Digits

The digits in a number that carry meaning and contribute to its precision. They represent the reliability of a measurement.

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Power of Ten

A way of expressing a number as ten multiplied by itself a certain number of times. It's written as 10 raised to an exponent.

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Exponent

The small number written above and to the right of a base number, indicating how many times to multiply the base by itself.

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Base Number

The number that is multiplied by itself in a power of ten.

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Moving the Decimal Point

Changing the position of the decimal point in a number, which effectively multiplies or divides the number by a power of ten.

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Expressing in Scientific Notation

Converting a number into scientific notation by identifying the significant digits, placing the decimal point after the first non-zero digit, and multiplying by a power of ten.

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Non-Zero Digits

The digits in a number that are not zero and contribute to its value.

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Place After Decimal

The position of a digit to the right of the decimal point, indicating its place value.

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Study Notes

Atomic Structure

  • Atoms have a nucleus containing protons and neutrons.
  • Electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels (shells).
  • The nucleus is significantly smaller than the overall atom.
  • Most of an atom's mass is concentrated in the nucleus.
  • Proton: positively charged particle in the nucleus
  • Neutron: neutral particle in the nucleus
  • Electron: negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus
  • Energy levels (shells): regions where electrons are located
  • 1 nm = 1 × 10⁻⁹ m

Calculations

  • Convert 0.070 nm to metres: 7.0 × 10⁻¹¹ m
  • Convert 2.5 × 10⁻¹¹ m to nanometres: 0.025 nm

Key Terms

  • Nucleus: central part of an atom; contains protons and neutrons
  • Proton: positively charged particle in the nucleus
  • Neutron: neutral particle in the nucleus
  • Electron: negatively charged particle
  • Energy level (shell): region of space around the nucleus where electrons are found

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