Atomic Structure and Periodic Table

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Questions and Answers

What is the location of a neutron in an atom?

  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Electron cloud
  • Between protons and electrons
  • Outer shell

In the periodic table, elements in the same group have the same number of electron shells.

False (B)

Who organized the first periodic table?

Dimitri Mendeleev

The relative charge of a proton is ______.

<p>+1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following particles with their characteristics:

<p>Proton = +1 charge, located in the nucleus Electron = 0 charge, located in electron cloud Neutron = 0 charge, located in the nucleus Electron cloud = Region surrounding the nucleus containing electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element has the chemical symbol 'O'?

<p>Oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Helium can be divided into simpler substances by a chemical process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest particle into which an element can be divided without losing its properties?

<p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chemical symbol for Sodium is ______.

<p>Na</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their chemical symbols:

<p>Hydrogen = H Carbon = C Boron = B Neon = Ne</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unit is used to measure radiation?

<p>Seivert (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Atomic Mass (RAM) is defined as the average mass of a molecule compared to the mass of one atom of carbon-12.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the RAM of chlorine based on its isotopes?

<p>35.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

RMM stands for ______.

<p>Relative Molecular Mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>RAM = Average mass of an element compared to carbon-12 RMM = Average mass of a molecule compared to carbon-12 Seivert = Unit for measuring radiation Mass Spectrometer = Instrument for detecting mass and composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding occurs only between metals?

<p>Metallic bonding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Covalent bonding can occur between metals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding is characterized by the transfer of electrons?

<p>Ionic bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

A _____ bond occurs between nonmetals to form a molecule.

<p>covalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of bonding with its description:

<p>Metallic bonding = Occurs between metals with mobile electrons Ionic bonding = Transfers electrons between atoms Covalent bonding = Shares electrons between nonmetals Hydrogen bonding = A weak attraction between polar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond occurs between metals and nonmetals?

<p>Ionic Bonding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compounds are formed only from atoms of the same type.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of the cations formed from metals during ionic bonding?

<ul> <li></li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

In ionic bonding, nonmetals gain __________ to form anions.

<p>electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the law of triads, how are elements organized?

<p>By their chemical properties in groups of 3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protium, deuterium, and tritium are all isotopes of the same element.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a radioactive isotope used to treat thyroid problems?

<p>Iodine-131</p> Signup and view all the answers

Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of larger unstable atomic nuclei due to the emission of ______.

<p>radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following radioactive isotopes with their uses:

<p>Uranium-235 = To generate electricity Plutonium-238 = To power heart pacemakers Cobalt-60 = To destroy cancer cells Carbon-14 = To calculate age of fossils</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Proton

A subatomic particle with a positive charge, located in the atom's nucleus.

Electron

A subatomic particle with a negative charge, orbiting the nucleus in electron shells.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

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Periodic Table Group

A vertical column in the Periodic Table containing elements with similar valence electrons.

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What is an atom?

The smallest unit of an element that retains its properties.

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What is an element?

A pure substance made of only one type of atom.

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Hydrogen's symbol

H

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What is Helium's symbol?

He

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What is Lithium's symbol?

Li

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What is a mass spectrometer?

A device that measures and identifies molecules by analyzing their mass and charge.

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What is a seivert?

The unit used to measure radiation exposure, taking into account the type of radiation and its biological effects.

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RAM

The average mass of an element compared to carbon-12, which is defined as 12.000 units.

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RMM

The average mass of a molecule compared to carbon-12, which is defined as 12.000 units.

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How is RAM calculated?

RAM is calculated by taking the weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element.

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Chemical Bond

The force that holds atoms together in molecules, compounds, or metals, resulting from the sharing or transfer of electrons.

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Metallic Bonding

A type of bonding found in metals where electrons are free to move throughout the material, creating a 'sea' of electrons.

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Ionic Bonding

A type of bonding that occurs between oppositely charged ions, formed when one atom loses an electron and another gains it.

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Covalent Bonding

A type of bonding where atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

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Metalloid

An element that has properties of both metals and nonmetals. They are located along the 'staircase' on the periodic table.

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Cation

A positively charged ion formed when a metal atom loses electrons.

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Anion

A negatively charged ion formed when a nonmetal atom gains electrons.

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What is a compound?

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements in a fixed proportion.

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Dobereiner's Triads

A group of three elements with similar chemical properties, arranged in order of increasing atomic weight.

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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers, meaning they have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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Radioactive Isotope

An isotope that undergoes radioactive decay, emitting radiation as its nucleus breaks down.

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What are the 3 types of radiation?

Alpha (α) particles, Beta (β) particles, and Gamma (γ) rays.

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes

Radioactive isotopes have various applications, including generating electricity, powering medical devices, treating diseases, and dating fossils.

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Study Notes

Atomic Structure

  • Atoms - The smallest particle into which an element can be divided without losing any of the properties of that element
  • Element - A pure substance that cannot be divided into any simpler substances by any chemical process

Subatomic Particles

  • Proton - +1 charge, relative mass of 1

  • Electron - -1 charge, relative mass of 0

  • Neutron - 0 charge, relative mass of 1

  • Number of electrons = atomic number

  • Number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number

Groups and Periods

  • Group - A vertical column that contains elements with the same number of electrons in the valence or outermost shell

  • Period - A horizontal row that contains elements with the same number of electron shells

  • Group 1 - Alkali Metals

  • Group 2 - Alkali Earth Metals

  • Group 7 - Halogens

  • Group 8 - Noble Gases (inert gases)

Historical Development of Periodic Table

  • Developed by Dmitri Mendeleev
  • Organized the elements
  • Identified patterns
  • Predicted properties
  • Classified and arranged
  • Withstood the test of time
  • Listed elements in order of increasing atomic mass

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