Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which subatomic particle was discovered by J.J. Thomson?
Which subatomic particle was discovered by J.J. Thomson?
- Photon
- Proton
- Electron (correct)
- Neutron
In what year did James Chadwick discover the neutron?
In what year did James Chadwick discover the neutron?
- 1932 (correct)
- 1897
- 1895
- 1919
Who discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds?
Who discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds?
- Pierre Curie
- Antoine Henri Becquerel (correct)
- Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen
- Marie Curie
What is the approximate radius of an atom?
What is the approximate radius of an atom?
What does the atomic mass of an atom represent?
What does the atomic mass of an atom represent?
What is the relationship between atomic number and the number of protons in an atom?
What is the relationship between atomic number and the number of protons in an atom?
Which of the following did Pierre and Marie Curie isolate?
Which of the following did Pierre and Marie Curie isolate?
What is the relationship between atomic mass, neutron number, and proton number?
What is the relationship between atomic mass, neutron number, and proton number?
What subatomic particle is equal to the atomic number?
What subatomic particle is equal to the atomic number?
The radius of a nucleus is determined using what equation?
The radius of a nucleus is determined using what equation?
What force overcomes electrostatic repulsion between protons in the nucleus?
What force overcomes electrostatic repulsion between protons in the nucleus?
What is the name given to atoms with the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons?
What is the name given to atoms with the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons?
What is the name given to atoms with the same mass number but a different atomic number?
What is the name given to atoms with the same mass number but a different atomic number?
What is the classification for $^{14}_6C$ and $^{12}_6C$?
What is the classification for $^{14}_6C$ and $^{12}_6C$?
What process involves two light nuclei combining to form a larger nucleus, releasing energy?
What process involves two light nuclei combining to form a larger nucleus, releasing energy?
What is the definition of 'binding energy' in the context of nuclear physics?
What is the definition of 'binding energy' in the context of nuclear physics?
An unstable element that emits radiation is known as what?
An unstable element that emits radiation is known as what?
Which formula is used to calculate half-life?
Which formula is used to calculate half-life?
What is the mass of a nucleon measured in?
What is the mass of a nucleon measured in?
What describes the rate at which radiation energy is deposited in matter?
What describes the rate at which radiation energy is deposited in matter?
What happens to cell survival rates as Linear Energy Transfer (LET) increases?
What happens to cell survival rates as Linear Energy Transfer (LET) increases?
What type of particle is emitted during beta decay?
What type of particle is emitted during beta decay?
What is the charge of a beta particle?
What is the charge of a beta particle?
In positron emission, what transformation occurs within the nucleus?
In positron emission, what transformation occurs within the nucleus?
What is a gamma ray?
What is a gamma ray?
Which type of decay almost always accompanies the loss of a nuclear particle?
Which type of decay almost always accompanies the loss of a nuclear particle?
What is the process called when one nucleus is transformed into another through particle bombardment?
What is the process called when one nucleus is transformed into another through particle bombardment?
Which of the following differentiates nuclear transmutation from radioactive decay?
Which of the following differentiates nuclear transmutation from radioactive decay?
What happens to a heavy nucleus during nuclear fission?
What happens to a heavy nucleus during nuclear fission?
What is generated during the process of nuclear fission, other than lighter nuclei?
What is generated during the process of nuclear fission, other than lighter nuclei?
What occurs during nuclear fusion?
What occurs during nuclear fusion?
What defines a radioactive decay?
What defines a radioactive decay?
What is an alpha particle equivalent to?
What is an alpha particle equivalent to?
What is the common type of decay for elements with an atomic number greater than 83?
What is the common type of decay for elements with an atomic number greater than 83?
What is the primary factor in determining the stability of an isotope?
What is the primary factor in determining the stability of an isotope?
What characterizes an unstable atom?
What characterizes an unstable atom?
Which of the following is an example of a naturally occurring radioactive element?
Which of the following is an example of a naturally occurring radioactive element?
Elements with an atomic number greater than what value are generally unstable?
Elements with an atomic number greater than what value are generally unstable?
What happens to the mass number during alpha decay?
What happens to the mass number during alpha decay?
What is the term for radioactive isotopes?
What is the term for radioactive isotopes?
Which of the following is an example of an artificial radioactive element?
Which of the following is an example of an artificial radioactive element?
What is the smallest unit of matter?
What is the smallest unit of matter?
What is the relationship between the number of protons, neutrons and the atomic mass?
What is the relationship between the number of protons, neutrons and the atomic mass?
Which elements were isolated by Marie and Pierre Curie?
Which elements were isolated by Marie and Pierre Curie?
In what year was radioactivity discovered in uranium compounds?
In what year was radioactivity discovered in uranium compounds?
What does the atomic number represent?
What does the atomic number represent?
What process involves two light nuclei combining to form a larger nucleus?
What process involves two light nuclei combining to form a larger nucleus?
What is 'binding energy'?
What is 'binding energy'?
What is half-life?
What is half-life?
What is Linear Energy Transfer (LET)?
What is Linear Energy Transfer (LET)?
What is the term for the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus?
What is the term for the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus?
What force is responsible for holding the nucleus together, despite the electrostatic repulsion between protons?
What force is responsible for holding the nucleus together, despite the electrostatic repulsion between protons?
What is the approximate value of $r_0$ in the nuclear radius equation $R = r_0 A^{1/3}$?
What is the approximate value of $r_0$ in the nuclear radius equation $R = r_0 A^{1/3}$?
What two components are equal to the atomic number?
What two components are equal to the atomic number?
What is the relationship between atomic mass, neutrons, and protons?
What is the relationship between atomic mass, neutrons, and protons?
At what atomic number are isotopes considered unstable?
At what atomic number are isotopes considered unstable?
What term describes atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons?
What term describes atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons?
What term describes atoms with the same mass number but different numbers of protons?
What term describes atoms with the same mass number but different numbers of protons?
What term describes atoms with the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons?
What term describes atoms with the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons?
What characterizes a radioisotope?
What characterizes a radioisotope?
What is the composition of an alpha particle?
What is the composition of an alpha particle?
What is the primary decay mode for elements with an atomic number greater than 83?
What is the primary decay mode for elements with an atomic number greater than 83?
What defines radioactivity?
What defines radioactivity?
Which of the following is an example of a natural radioactive element?
Which of the following is an example of a natural radioactive element?
What is the general trend for elements with atomic numbers greater than 83?
What is the general trend for elements with atomic numbers greater than 83?
What happens to the mass number of an atom during alpha decay?
What happens to the mass number of an atom during alpha decay?
What is the role of the neutron-to-proton ratio in determining nuclear stability?
What is the role of the neutron-to-proton ratio in determining nuclear stability?
What is the classification for Uranium-238?
What is the classification for Uranium-238?
What is a beta particle?
What is a beta particle?
During positron emission, what happens to a proton in the nucleus?
During positron emission, what happens to a proton in the nucleus?
Gamma decay typically occurs with what other type(s) of decay?
Gamma decay typically occurs with what other type(s) of decay?
What is the process of nuclear transmutation?
What is the process of nuclear transmutation?
What is emitted during beta minus decay?
What is emitted during beta minus decay?
During positron emission, what particle is emitted from the nucleus?
During positron emission, what particle is emitted from the nucleus?
Who discovered the proton?
Who discovered the proton?
What two subatomic particles are used to calculate atomic mass?
What two subatomic particles are used to calculate atomic mass?
What is the relationship between the number of protons and the atomic number?
What is the relationship between the number of protons and the atomic number?
What two subatomic particles make up the mass number?
What two subatomic particles make up the mass number?
What is the approximate radius of most nuclei?
What is the approximate radius of most nuclei?
What is the value of the experimentally determined constant $r_0$ used to calculate nuclear radius?
What is the value of the experimentally determined constant $r_0$ used to calculate nuclear radius?
What describes an element which is emitting radiation?
What describes an element which is emitting radiation?
Which of the following describes the relationship between the neutron-to-proton ratio and nuclear stability?
Which of the following describes the relationship between the neutron-to-proton ratio and nuclear stability?
What is another name for radioactive isotopes?
What is another name for radioactive isotopes?
What is the neutron-to-proton ratio used for?
What is the neutron-to-proton ratio used for?
What is produced by humans?
What is produced by humans?
What is released by radioactive isotopes?
What is released by radioactive isotopes?
What is the name of the process where two light nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus?
What is the name of the process where two light nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus?
What formula is used to calculate half-life involving the rate constant?
What formula is used to calculate half-life involving the rate constant?
What trend is observed in cell survival rates as Linear Energy Transfer (LET) increases?
What trend is observed in cell survival rates as Linear Energy Transfer (LET) increases?
What type of particle is emitted during beta-minus decay?
What type of particle is emitted during beta-minus decay?
During positron emission, what happens within the nucleus?
During positron emission, what happens within the nucleus?
Gamma decay typically occurs with what?
Gamma decay typically occurs with what?
In nuclear fission, what happens to a heavy nucleus?
In nuclear fission, what happens to a heavy nucleus?
What is generated during nuclear fission, other than lighter nuclei?
What is generated during nuclear fission, other than lighter nuclei?
During beta plus decay, what particle is emitted from the nucleus?
During beta plus decay, what particle is emitted from the nucleus?
During beta minus decay, what is emitted from the nucleus?
During beta minus decay, what is emitted from the nucleus?
What year was the proton discovered?
What year was the proton discovered?
In what year did Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen discover X-rays?
In what year did Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen discover X-rays?
What particles are used to calculate atomic mass?
What particles are used to calculate atomic mass?
Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19. How many neutrons does it have?
Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19. How many neutrons does it have?
What is the charge of a beta particle emitted during beta decay?
What is the charge of a beta particle emitted during beta decay?
In positron emission, what happens to a proton within the nucleus?
In positron emission, what happens to a proton within the nucleus?
What is the term for the energy required to separate a nucleus into individual protons and neutrons?
What is the term for the energy required to separate a nucleus into individual protons and neutrons?
What process involves two smaller nuclei combining to form a larger nucleus?
What process involves two smaller nuclei combining to form a larger nucleus?
Which of the following describes half-life?
Which of the following describes half-life?
What does Linear Energy Transfer (LET) measure?
What does Linear Energy Transfer (LET) measure?
What is released during radioactive decay?
What is released during radioactive decay?
What is the name given when the number of protons and neutrons are combined?
What is the name given when the number of protons and neutrons are combined?
What is the other name for mass number?
What is the other name for mass number?
What determines the chemical element of an atom?
What determines the chemical element of an atom?
In an electrically neutral atom, what is equal to the number of protons?
In an electrically neutral atom, what is equal to the number of protons?
What force is responsible for holding the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus?
What force is responsible for holding the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus?
Which of the following is produced artificially?
Which of the following is produced artificially?
What is the term for atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons?
What is the term for atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons?
What characterizes isotopes with odd numbers of both protons and neutrons?
What characterizes isotopes with odd numbers of both protons and neutrons?
What is the term for atoms with the same mass number but different numbers of protons?
What is the term for atoms with the same mass number but different numbers of protons?
What is the term for atoms with the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons?
What is the term for atoms with the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons?
How many stable isotopes are there with odd numbers of both protons and neutrons?
How many stable isotopes are there with odd numbers of both protons and neutrons?
If an atom has an atomic number of 17 and a mass number of 35, what is the number of neutrons in its nucleus?
If an atom has an atomic number of 17 and a mass number of 35, what is the number of neutrons in its nucleus?
Which of the following describes the relationship between the strong nuclear force and the distance separating nucleons?
Which of the following describes the relationship between the strong nuclear force and the distance separating nucleons?
If a radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years, approximately what fraction of the original sample will remain after 30 years?
If a radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years, approximately what fraction of the original sample will remain after 30 years?
What is primarily responsible for the large amounts of energy released in nuclear fusion reactions?
What is primarily responsible for the large amounts of energy released in nuclear fusion reactions?
Which of the following applications is an example of the beneficial use of radiation?
Which of the following applications is an example of the beneficial use of radiation?
A radiation detector registers a certain count rate. If a thin sheet of paper is placed between the detector and the source, the count rate decreases significantly. What type of radiation is most likely being detected?
A radiation detector registers a certain count rate. If a thin sheet of paper is placed between the detector and the source, the count rate decreases significantly. What type of radiation is most likely being detected?
How does the binding energy per nucleon relate to the stability of a nucleus?
How does the binding energy per nucleon relate to the stability of a nucleus?
Why does the understanding of half-life have practical significance?
Why does the understanding of half-life have practical significance?
How is Linear Energy Transfer (LET) related to the potential harm caused by radiation?
How is Linear Energy Transfer (LET) related to the potential harm caused by radiation?
If a nucleus is separated into individual protons and neutrons, what happens to the total energy of the system?
If a nucleus is separated into individual protons and neutrons, what happens to the total energy of the system?
A radioactive sample has a half-life of 10 years. Approximately what fraction of the original sample will remain after 30 years?
A radioactive sample has a half-life of 10 years. Approximately what fraction of the original sample will remain after 30 years?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between radiation type, Linear Energy Transfer (LET), and biological harm?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between radiation type, Linear Energy Transfer (LET), and biological harm?
What fundamental change occurs in the nucleus during positron emission?
What fundamental change occurs in the nucleus during positron emission?
Which of the following best characterizes a gamma ray?
Which of the following best characterizes a gamma ray?
Given the atomic mass of 23 and the atomic number of 11 for Sodium (Na), what is the number of neutrons in its nucleus?
Given the atomic mass of 23 and the atomic number of 11 for Sodium (Na), what is the number of neutrons in its nucleus?
For Xenon (Xe) with an atomic mass of 131 and an atomic number of 54, how many neutrons are present in the nucleus?
For Xenon (Xe) with an atomic mass of 131 and an atomic number of 54, how many neutrons are present in the nucleus?
Gamma decay typically accompanies the emission of what?
Gamma decay typically accompanies the emission of what?
Tungsten (W) has 74 protons and 110 neutrons. What is the atomic mass of Tungsten?
Tungsten (W) has 74 protons and 110 neutrons. What is the atomic mass of Tungsten?
What is the key distinction between nuclear transmutation and radioactive decay?
What is the key distinction between nuclear transmutation and radioactive decay?
What is the approximate radius of a nucleus with a nucleon number (A) of 64, using the formula $R = r_0 A^{1/3}$ and $r_0 = 1.2 \text{ fm}$?
What is the approximate radius of a nucleus with a nucleon number (A) of 64, using the formula $R = r_0 A^{1/3}$ and $r_0 = 1.2 \text{ fm}$?
What is the fundamental process that defines nuclear fission?
What is the fundamental process that defines nuclear fission?
Beyond lighter nuclei, what else is characteristically generated during nuclear fission?
Beyond lighter nuclei, what else is characteristically generated during nuclear fission?
Two atoms have the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons. What term describes these atoms?
Two atoms have the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons. What term describes these atoms?
What is the defining characteristic of nuclear fusion?
What is the defining characteristic of nuclear fusion?
Which of the following pairs of atoms are isotopes?
Which of the following pairs of atoms are isotopes?
What force is primarily responsible for preventing the nucleus from flying apart due to the electrostatic repulsion between protons?
What force is primarily responsible for preventing the nucleus from flying apart due to the electrostatic repulsion between protons?
Which of the following describes the charge and identity of a beta particle?
Which of the following describes the charge and identity of a beta particle?
Which process describes a nucleus being transformed into another through particle bombardment?
Which process describes a nucleus being transformed into another through particle bombardment?
What is a key factor in determining the stability of a nucleus?
What is a key factor in determining the stability of a nucleus?
An element is considered a radioisotope if it lies:
An element is considered a radioisotope if it lies:
What occurs when a nucleus ejects a positron?
What occurs when a nucleus ejects a positron?
Which neutron-to-proton ratio generally corresponds to the least stable nuclei?
Which neutron-to-proton ratio generally corresponds to the least stable nuclei?
What characteristic defines artificial radioactivity?
What characteristic defines artificial radioactivity?
What is a key characteristic of alpha decay?
What is a key characteristic of alpha decay?
A Californium-248 ($^{248}_{96}Cf$) nucleus undergoes alpha decay. What are the resulting mass number and atomic number of the daughter nucleus, respectively?
A Californium-248 ($^{248}_{96}Cf$) nucleus undergoes alpha decay. What are the resulting mass number and atomic number of the daughter nucleus, respectively?
Which of the following lists contains only examples of elements that exhibit natural radioactivity?
Which of the following lists contains only examples of elements that exhibit natural radioactivity?
What is emitted during alpha decay?
What is emitted during alpha decay?
Why is an even number of protons and neutrons more stable?
Why is an even number of protons and neutrons more stable?
Which type of decay is most common for elements with an atomic number greater than 83?
Which type of decay is most common for elements with an atomic number greater than 83?
Which of the following is a characteristic of radioisotopes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of radioisotopes?
If a nucleus with a mass of 20u splits into two smaller nuclei, one with a mass of 5u and another with a mass of 12u, what is the mass defect, assuming no free neutrons are released?
If a nucleus with a mass of 20u splits into two smaller nuclei, one with a mass of 5u and another with a mass of 12u, what is the mass defect, assuming no free neutrons are released?
What is the relationship between atomic number and the number of electrons in a neutral atom?
What is the relationship between atomic number and the number of electrons in a neutral atom?
What is the relationship between Linear Energy Transfer (LET) and the penetrating ability of radiation?
What is the relationship between Linear Energy Transfer (LET) and the penetrating ability of radiation?
If an atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16, how many neutrons are present in its nucleus?
If an atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16, how many neutrons are present in its nucleus?
Which of the fundamental forces is responsible for holding the protons and neutrons together within the nucleus of an atom?
Which of the fundamental forces is responsible for holding the protons and neutrons together within the nucleus of an atom?
A tumor is irradiated with gamma rays having an RBE of 1. If an equivalent biological effect is desired using fast neutrons with an RBE of 3, how should the dose be adjusted compared to the dose of the gamma rays?
A tumor is irradiated with gamma rays having an RBE of 1. If an equivalent biological effect is desired using fast neutrons with an RBE of 3, how should the dose be adjusted compared to the dose of the gamma rays?
Which of the following statements best describes the role of neutrons in nuclear stability?
Which of the following statements best describes the role of neutrons in nuclear stability?
What happens to the atomic number and mass number of an element when it undergoes beta-minus decay?
What happens to the atomic number and mass number of an element when it undergoes beta-minus decay?
In the context of nuclear fission, what is the role of a 'critical mass'?
In the context of nuclear fission, what is the role of a 'critical mass'?
What distinguishes nuclear fusion from nuclear fission in terms of energy release and the size of the nuclei involved?
What distinguishes nuclear fusion from nuclear fission in terms of energy release and the size of the nuclei involved?
An isotope has 88 protons and 138 neutrons. Is this isotope likely to be stable, and why?
An isotope has 88 protons and 138 neutrons. Is this isotope likely to be stable, and why?
Which of the following is a characteristic of artificial radioactivity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of artificial radioactivity?
Given the atomic mass and number, how would you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom of Xenon (Xe)?
Given the atomic mass and number, how would you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom of Xenon (Xe)?
An unstable atom spontaneously emits energy. What classifies this process?
An unstable atom spontaneously emits energy. What classifies this process?
Using the equation $R = r_0 A^{1/3}$, where $r_0 = 1.2 \text{ fm}$, what does 'A' represent?
Using the equation $R = r_0 A^{1/3}$, where $r_0 = 1.2 \text{ fm}$, what does 'A' represent?
If two atoms have the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons, what are they called?
If two atoms have the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons, what are they called?
Consider the alpha decay of Uranium-238 ($^{238}_{92}U$). Which of the following correctly represents the resulting daughter nucleus after the decay?
Consider the alpha decay of Uranium-238 ($^{238}_{92}U$). Which of the following correctly represents the resulting daughter nucleus after the decay?
Which of the following properties is characteristic of radioisotopes?
Which of the following properties is characteristic of radioisotopes?
Considering Coulomb's law and the electrostatic repulsion between protons in the nucleus, what force counteracts this repulsion to maintain nuclear stability?
Considering Coulomb's law and the electrostatic repulsion between protons in the nucleus, what force counteracts this repulsion to maintain nuclear stability?
What is the significance of the neutron-to-proton ratio (n/p) in determining the stability of a nucleus?
What is the significance of the neutron-to-proton ratio (n/p) in determining the stability of a nucleus?
Which of the following lists contains only naturally occurring radioactive elements?
Which of the following lists contains only naturally occurring radioactive elements?
What is a key factor in determining whether an isotope is stable?
What is a key factor in determining whether an isotope is stable?
An element is described as being a 'radioisotope'. According to the properties of nuclei, what characteristic MUST this element have?
An element is described as being a 'radioisotope'. According to the properties of nuclei, what characteristic MUST this element have?
Given that isotopes with an atomic number greater than 83 are generally unstable, what is the primary reason for this instability?
Given that isotopes with an atomic number greater than 83 are generally unstable, what is the primary reason for this instability?
Actinium-227 ($^{227}_{89}Ac$) undergoes alpha decay. What are the atomic number and mass number of the resulting daughter nucleus?
Actinium-227 ($^{227}_{89}Ac$) undergoes alpha decay. What are the atomic number and mass number of the resulting daughter nucleus?
Two different atoms have nucleon number $A = 40$, but one has 18 protons and the other has 20 protons. What term describes these atoms?
Two different atoms have nucleon number $A = 40$, but one has 18 protons and the other has 20 protons. What term describes these atoms?
Consider an isotope with an even number of protons and an odd number of neutrons. How does this generally affect its nuclear stability compared to isotopes with even numbers of both protons and neutrons?
Consider an isotope with an even number of protons and an odd number of neutrons. How does this generally affect its nuclear stability compared to isotopes with even numbers of both protons and neutrons?
If a newly discovered element contains 126 neutrons and 82 protons, which of the following statements are true?
If a newly discovered element contains 126 neutrons and 82 protons, which of the following statements are true?
In beta-minus decay, what change occurs within the nucleus?
In beta-minus decay, what change occurs within the nucleus?
During positron emission, what happens to the atomic number of the resulting nucleus?
During positron emission, what happens to the atomic number of the resulting nucleus?
Which of the following best describes a gamma ray?
Which of the following best describes a gamma ray?
Why does gamma decay typically accompany other forms of nuclear decay, such as alpha or beta decay?
Why does gamma decay typically accompany other forms of nuclear decay, such as alpha or beta decay?
What distinguishes nuclear transmutation from natural radioactive decay?
What distinguishes nuclear transmutation from natural radioactive decay?
During nuclear fission, besides lighter nuclei, what else is characteristically released?
During nuclear fission, besides lighter nuclei, what else is characteristically released?
Which of the following statements accurately describes what occurs during nuclear fusion?
Which of the following statements accurately describes what occurs during nuclear fusion?
What is the role of neutrons produced during nuclear fission in a nuclear chain reaction?
What is the role of neutrons produced during nuclear fission in a nuclear chain reaction?
In what way does the mass of the resultant nucleus in nuclear fusion compare to the sum of the masses of the original nuclei?
In what way does the mass of the resultant nucleus in nuclear fusion compare to the sum of the masses of the original nuclei?
Which of the following is a fundamental difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion regarding the size of the nuclei involved?
Which of the following is a fundamental difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion regarding the size of the nuclei involved?
Considering the historical progression of atomic discoveries, what key advancement directly enabled Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in 1932?
Considering the historical progression of atomic discoveries, what key advancement directly enabled Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in 1932?
Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. How does this difference in neutron number primarily affect the isotope's properties?
Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. How does this difference in neutron number primarily affect the isotope's properties?
Marie and Pierre Curie isolated polonium and radium based on their radioactivity. What property of these elements made this isolation process particularly challenging?
Marie and Pierre Curie isolated polonium and radium based on their radioactivity. What property of these elements made this isolation process particularly challenging?
Consider two isotopes of the same element, one stable and one radioactive. Which statement correctly describes the difference in their nuclear binding energy per nucleon?
Consider two isotopes of the same element, one stable and one radioactive. Which statement correctly describes the difference in their nuclear binding energy per nucleon?
If a radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years, approximately how much of the original sample will remain after 30 years?
If a radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years, approximately how much of the original sample will remain after 30 years?
In nuclear fission, a heavy nucleus splits into lighter nuclei, releasing a significant amount of energy. What fundamental principle explains the source of this energy?
In nuclear fission, a heavy nucleus splits into lighter nuclei, releasing a significant amount of energy. What fundamental principle explains the source of this energy?
Radiation is used beneficially in several applications. Which of the following relies on radiation's ability to damage or destroy cells?
Radiation is used beneficially in several applications. Which of the following relies on radiation's ability to damage or destroy cells?
When light nuclei undergo nuclear fusion to form a larger nucleus, what happens to the overall stability and energy of the system?
When light nuclei undergo nuclear fusion to form a larger nucleus, what happens to the overall stability and energy of the system?
If a sample of a radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years, approximately what fraction of the original sample will remain after 30 years?
If a sample of a radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years, approximately what fraction of the original sample will remain after 30 years?
Given that Tungsten (W) has an atomic number of 74 and 110 neutrons, what is its atomic mass?
Given that Tungsten (W) has an atomic number of 74 and 110 neutrons, what is its atomic mass?
What is the relationship between Linear Energy Transfer (LET) and the biological effects of radiation?
What is the relationship between Linear Energy Transfer (LET) and the biological effects of radiation?
If an element has an atomic mass of 23 and 12 neutrons in its nucleus, what is the number of protons and electrons?
If an element has an atomic mass of 23 and 12 neutrons in its nucleus, what is the number of protons and electrons?
What is the binding energy of a nucleus, and on what factors does it depend?
What is the binding energy of a nucleus, and on what factors does it depend?
How does the strong nuclear force counteract the electrostatic repulsion between protons within the nucleus?
How does the strong nuclear force counteract the electrostatic repulsion between protons within the nucleus?
Consider two atoms: $^{40}{18}Ar$ and $^{40}{20}Ca$. Which term correctly describes the relationship between these two atoms?
Consider two atoms: $^{40}{18}Ar$ and $^{40}{20}Ca$. Which term correctly describes the relationship between these two atoms?
A tumor is treated with 30 Gy of X-rays, and the same biological effect could be achieved with 10 Gy of alpha particles. What is the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of the alpha particles compared to the X-rays?
A tumor is treated with 30 Gy of X-rays, and the same biological effect could be achieved with 10 Gy of alpha particles. What is the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of the alpha particles compared to the X-rays?
Consider two atoms: $^{16}{8}O$ and $^{17}{8}O$. Which term correctly describes the relationship between these two atoms?
Consider two atoms: $^{16}{8}O$ and $^{17}{8}O$. Which term correctly describes the relationship between these two atoms?
What is true for radioisotopes, regarding the band of stability?
What is true for radioisotopes, regarding the band of stability?
An unknown element has 85 protons and 125 neutrons. Is this element stable or unstable?
An unknown element has 85 protons and 125 neutrons. Is this element stable or unstable?
Using the formula $R = r_0 A^{1/3}$, and knowing that $r_0 ≈ 1.2 \times 10^{-15} m$, estimate the radius of a nucleus with a nucleon number (A) of 64.
Using the formula $R = r_0 A^{1/3}$, and knowing that $r_0 ≈ 1.2 \times 10^{-15} m$, estimate the radius of a nucleus with a nucleon number (A) of 64.
Which neutron-to-proton ratio (n/p) typically correlates with the least nuclear stability?
Which neutron-to-proton ratio (n/p) typically correlates with the least nuclear stability?
What characteristic defines a natural radioactive element?
What characteristic defines a natural radioactive element?
What is conserved in a balanced nuclear decay equation?
What is conserved in a balanced nuclear decay equation?
An element undergoes alpha decay. How does this affect its atomic number?
An element undergoes alpha decay. How does this affect its atomic number?
Which of the following elements is most likely to undergo alpha decay?
Which of the following elements is most likely to undergo alpha decay?
What constitutes an alpha particle?
What constitutes an alpha particle?
What distinguishes artificial radioactivity from natural radioactivity?
What distinguishes artificial radioactivity from natural radioactivity?
Which factor primarily determines whether a nuclide will undergo radioactive decay?
Which factor primarily determines whether a nuclide will undergo radioactive decay?
How does alpha decay change the mass number of a radioactive nuclide?
How does alpha decay change the mass number of a radioactive nuclide?
If Californium-248 ($^{248}_{96}Cf$) undergoes alpha decay, what is the resulting nuclide?
If Californium-248 ($^{248}_{96}Cf$) undergoes alpha decay, what is the resulting nuclide?
In beta-minus decay, what change occurs within the nucleus of the decaying atom?
In beta-minus decay, what change occurs within the nucleus of the decaying atom?
Which of the following best describes the energy and nature of a gamma ray emitted during gamma decay?
Which of the following best describes the energy and nature of a gamma ray emitted during gamma decay?
What fundamental difference distinguishes nuclear transmutation from natural radioactive decay?
What fundamental difference distinguishes nuclear transmutation from natural radioactive decay?
In the process of nuclear fission, what is the primary reason a large amount of energy is released?
In the process of nuclear fission, what is the primary reason a large amount of energy is released?
What is the key characteristic of nuclear fusion that distinguishes it from nuclear fission?
What is the key characteristic of nuclear fusion that distinguishes it from nuclear fission?
If a magnesium-26 ($^{26}_{12}Mg$) nucleus undergoes beta-minus decay, what is the resulting nucleus?
If a magnesium-26 ($^{26}_{12}Mg$) nucleus undergoes beta-minus decay, what is the resulting nucleus?
What is the primary purpose of bombarding a nucleus with subatomic particles or ions in nuclear transmutation?
What is the primary purpose of bombarding a nucleus with subatomic particles or ions in nuclear transmutation?
Which of the following is a direct consequence of a nucleus undergoing positron emission?
Which of the following is a direct consequence of a nucleus undergoing positron emission?
Why does gamma decay typically accompany other forms of radioactive decay, such as alpha or beta decay?
Why does gamma decay typically accompany other forms of radioactive decay, such as alpha or beta decay?
What is the role of free neutrons generated during nuclear fission in a nuclear chain reaction?
What is the role of free neutrons generated during nuclear fission in a nuclear chain reaction?
Considering the historical timeline of nuclear physics, what was discovered first?
Considering the historical timeline of nuclear physics, what was discovered first?
Given that an atom's radius is approximately $10^{-10}$ meters, what order of magnitude represents the size of the nucleus within that atom?
Given that an atom's radius is approximately $10^{-10}$ meters, what order of magnitude represents the size of the nucleus within that atom?
An atom of plutonium has an atomic number of 94 and a mass number of 244. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of this atom?
An atom of plutonium has an atomic number of 94 and a mass number of 244. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of this atom?
If Uranium-238 ($^{238}_{92}U$) undergoes alpha decay, what are the atomic and mass numbers of the resulting nucleus?
If Uranium-238 ($^{238}_{92}U$) undergoes alpha decay, what are the atomic and mass numbers of the resulting nucleus?
Which of the following is a direct application of Marie and Pierre Curie's discovery of radioactivity?
Which of the following is a direct application of Marie and Pierre Curie's discovery of radioactivity?
Considering the timeline of discoveries in nuclear physics, which event directly enabled the development of nuclear fission reactors?
Considering the timeline of discoveries in nuclear physics, which event directly enabled the development of nuclear fission reactors?
Which of the following is an example of a practical application of the properties of the atomic nucleus?
Which of the following is an example of a practical application of the properties of the atomic nucleus?
What fundamental force counteracts the electrostatic repulsion between protons within the nucleus, maintaining its stability?
What fundamental force counteracts the electrostatic repulsion between protons within the nucleus, maintaining its stability?
Given that the atomic mass of Sodium (Na) is 23 and it has 12 neutrons, how many protons does it have?
Given that the atomic mass of Sodium (Na) is 23 and it has 12 neutrons, how many protons does it have?
If two atoms have the same mass number but different atomic numbers, how are they classified?
If two atoms have the same mass number but different atomic numbers, how are they classified?
Which of the following factors primarily determines the stability of a nucleus?
Which of the following factors primarily determines the stability of a nucleus?
Using the formula $R = r_0A^{1/3}$, where $r_0 = 1.2 \text{ fm}$ and $A$ is the nucleon number, what is the approximate radius of a nucleus with a nucleon number of 64?
Using the formula $R = r_0A^{1/3}$, where $r_0 = 1.2 \text{ fm}$ and $A$ is the nucleon number, what is the approximate radius of a nucleus with a nucleon number of 64?
What is a common characteristic of radioisotopes?
What is a common characteristic of radioisotopes?
Which of the following statements accurately relates nucleon number and atomic mass?
Which of the following statements accurately relates nucleon number and atomic mass?
How are two nuclides with the same neutron number but different proton numbers classified?
How are two nuclides with the same neutron number but different proton numbers classified?
An element has an atomic number greater than 83. What can be generally inferred about its isotopes?
An element has an atomic number greater than 83. What can be generally inferred about its isotopes?
Why is the concept of half-life important in the context of radioactive materials?
Why is the concept of half-life important in the context of radioactive materials?
A radioactive sample initially contains 400 grams of a radioactive isotope. After two half-lives, how much of the radioactive isotope remains?
A radioactive sample initially contains 400 grams of a radioactive isotope. After two half-lives, how much of the radioactive isotope remains?
In the context of biological radiation effects, what does Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) indicate?
In the context of biological radiation effects, what does Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) indicate?
What is the significance of binding energy in the context of nuclear stability?
What is the significance of binding energy in the context of nuclear stability?
Which of the following particles is emitted during gamma decay?
Which of the following particles is emitted during gamma decay?
What is the key difference between nuclear transmutation and radioactive decay?
What is the key difference between nuclear transmutation and radioactive decay?
Which of the following is a characteristic product of nuclear fission?
Which of the following is a characteristic product of nuclear fission?
What is the primary requirement for nuclear fusion to occur?
What is the primary requirement for nuclear fusion to occur?
During beta-minus decay ($β^-$), what change occurs within the nucleus?
During beta-minus decay ($β^-$), what change occurs within the nucleus?
Which type of decay is most likely to accompany the emission of an alpha or beta particle?
Which type of decay is most likely to accompany the emission of an alpha or beta particle?
In nuclear transmutation, what is the role of the bombarding particle?
In nuclear transmutation, what is the role of the bombarding particle?
Which process results in the formation of a heavier nucleus from two lighter nuclei?
Which process results in the formation of a heavier nucleus from two lighter nuclei?
What is conserved in both nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions?
What is conserved in both nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions?
What is a key factor in determining whether a nuclide will undergo alpha decay?
What is a key factor in determining whether a nuclide will undergo alpha decay?
Which of the following contributes to the relative instability of a nuclide with an odd number of both protons and neutrons?
Which of the following contributes to the relative instability of a nuclide with an odd number of both protons and neutrons?
What is the significance of 'magic numbers' (2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126) in nuclear stability?
What is the significance of 'magic numbers' (2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126) in nuclear stability?
How artificial radioactivity differ from natural radioactivity?
How artificial radioactivity differ from natural radioactivity?
An isotope undergoes alpha decay. How do the atomic number (Z) and mass number (A) of the daughter nucleus change?
An isotope undergoes alpha decay. How do the atomic number (Z) and mass number (A) of the daughter nucleus change?
Which of the following comparisons regarding nuclear stability is most accurate?
Which of the following comparisons regarding nuclear stability is most accurate?
Given the nuclear reaction: $^{238}_{92}U \longrightarrow X + ^4_2He$, identify the daughter nucleus X.
Given the nuclear reaction: $^{238}_{92}U \longrightarrow X + ^4_2He$, identify the daughter nucleus X.
Which of the following best describes the process of radioactive decay?
Which of the following best describes the process of radioactive decay?
What is the role of neutron-to-proton ratio (n/p) in determining the stability of a nucleus?
What is the role of neutron-to-proton ratio (n/p) in determining the stability of a nucleus?
Francium is an example of what type of radioactivity?
Francium is an example of what type of radioactivity?
Consider two isotopes of the same element. Which statement accurately describes their atomic composition?
Consider two isotopes of the same element. Which statement accurately describes their atomic composition?
If an element has an atomic number of 20, how many protons and electrons does it have, respectively, assuming it is a neutral atom?
If an element has an atomic number of 20, how many protons and electrons does it have, respectively, assuming it is a neutral atom?
How would you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom, given its atomic mass and atomic number?
How would you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom, given its atomic mass and atomic number?
Consider the following scenario: An atom undergoes alpha decay. What changes occur to its atomic number and mass number?
Consider the following scenario: An atom undergoes alpha decay. What changes occur to its atomic number and mass number?
Which of the following best explains the role of the strong nuclear force?
Which of the following best explains the role of the strong nuclear force?
What is the key factor that determines whether an isotope is stable or unstable?
What is the key factor that determines whether an isotope is stable or unstable?
A radioactive substance has a half-life of 10 years. Approximately what fraction of the original sample will remain after 30 years?
A radioactive substance has a half-life of 10 years. Approximately what fraction of the original sample will remain after 30 years?
During nuclear fusion, what is the primary condition required for two light nuclei to combine?
During nuclear fusion, what is the primary condition required for two light nuclei to combine?
If a nuclide of Radium-226 has a half-life of 1600 years, approximately how much of a 100 gram sample will remain after 4800 years?
If a nuclide of Radium-226 has a half-life of 1600 years, approximately how much of a 100 gram sample will remain after 4800 years?
Given that the half-life of a certain isotope is 10 years, what fraction of the original sample will remain after 30 years?
Given that the half-life of a certain isotope is 10 years, what fraction of the original sample will remain after 30 years?
Consider a scenario where a scientist is deciding between using X-rays (LET = 3 keV/µm) and alpha particles (LET = 150 keV/µm) for cancer radiation therapy. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
Consider a scenario where a scientist is deciding between using X-rays (LET = 3 keV/µm) and alpha particles (LET = 150 keV/µm) for cancer radiation therapy. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
A tumor is treated with 40 Gy of gamma rays (RBE = 1). To achieve an equivalent biological effect using fast neutrons (RBE = 3), what dose should be administered?
A tumor is treated with 40 Gy of gamma rays (RBE = 1). To achieve an equivalent biological effect using fast neutrons (RBE = 3), what dose should be administered?
If a newly discovered element has an atomic number of 118, what can be predicted about its stability?
If a newly discovered element has an atomic number of 118, what can be predicted about its stability?
Which of the following describes the relationship between nucleon number (A), number of neutrons (N), and number of protons (Z) in a nucleus?
Which of the following describes the relationship between nucleon number (A), number of neutrons (N), and number of protons (Z) in a nucleus?
Given that the experimentally determined value of $r_0$ in the nuclear radius equation is approximately 1.2 fm, what is the approximate radius of a nucleus with a nucleon number of 64?
Given that the experimentally determined value of $r_0$ in the nuclear radius equation is approximately 1.2 fm, what is the approximate radius of a nucleus with a nucleon number of 64?
If two atoms have the same mass number but different atomic numbers, what term describes them?
If two atoms have the same mass number but different atomic numbers, what term describes them?
What primarily determines whether a nucleus will undergo radioactive decay?
What primarily determines whether a nucleus will undergo radioactive decay?
Which force is primarily responsible for holding the protons and neutrons together within the nucleus of an atom, overcoming electrostatic repulsion?
Which force is primarily responsible for holding the protons and neutrons together within the nucleus of an atom, overcoming electrostatic repulsion?
If an element has 50 protons, 50 electrons and 70 neutrons, what is its nucleon number?
If an element has 50 protons, 50 electrons and 70 neutrons, what is its nucleon number?
Given two atoms, $^{40}{18}Ar$ and $^{40}{20}Ca$, what term describes their relationship?
Given two atoms, $^{40}{18}Ar$ and $^{40}{20}Ca$, what term describes their relationship?
If a Sodium (Na) atom has an atomic mass of 23, how many protons does does it have?
If a Sodium (Na) atom has an atomic mass of 23, how many protons does does it have?
What characteristic of an atom primarily determines whether it will undergo alpha decay?
What characteristic of an atom primarily determines whether it will undergo alpha decay?
Which of the following describes a radioisotope?
Which of the following describes a radioisotope?
What is the defining characteristic of artificial radioactivity?
What is the defining characteristic of artificial radioactivity?
What is the composition of an alpha particle emitted during radioactive decay?
What is the composition of an alpha particle emitted during radioactive decay?
In an alpha decay process, how does the mass number of the parent nucleus change?
In an alpha decay process, how does the mass number of the parent nucleus change?
Which of the following factors contributes to the overall stability of a nucleus?
Which of the following factors contributes to the overall stability of a nucleus?
How does the process of radioactive decay affect the stability of an atom?
How does the process of radioactive decay affect the stability of an atom?
What distinguishes natural radioactive elements like uranium from artificial radioactive elements like technetium?
What distinguishes natural radioactive elements like uranium from artificial radioactive elements like technetium?
Which of the following is a balanced representation of alpha decay for Plutonium-242 ($^{242}_{94}Pu$)?
Which of the following is a balanced representation of alpha decay for Plutonium-242 ($^{242}_{94}Pu$)?
How does pair production relate to nuclear stability?
How does pair production relate to nuclear stability?
Which of the following best describes a key difference between nuclear transmutation and radioactive decay?
Which of the following best describes a key difference between nuclear transmutation and radioactive decay?
What is the fundamental process that occurs during positron emission?
What is the fundamental process that occurs during positron emission?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of gamma radiation in nuclear decay processes?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of gamma radiation in nuclear decay processes?
What is a characteristic product of nuclear fission, besides lighter nuclei?
What is a characteristic product of nuclear fission, besides lighter nuclei?
In nuclear fusion, what is the primary condition required for the reaction to occur?
In nuclear fusion, what is the primary condition required for the reaction to occur?
Which statement correctly describes the difference in the products of nuclear fission versus nuclear fusion?
Which statement correctly describes the difference in the products of nuclear fission versus nuclear fusion?
How does the mass of the product nucleus in nuclear fission compare to the mass of the original nucleus?
How does the mass of the product nucleus in nuclear fission compare to the mass of the original nucleus?
What is the role of 'bombardment by sub-atomic particles or ions' in nuclear transmutation?
What is the role of 'bombardment by sub-atomic particles or ions' in nuclear transmutation?
Which of the following is a common application of nuclear transmutation?
Which of the following is a common application of nuclear transmutation?
Considering the historical development of nuclear physics, how did the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick influence the understanding of atomic structure?
Considering the historical development of nuclear physics, how did the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick influence the understanding of atomic structure?
Why is the strong nuclear force essential for the stability of atomic nuclei?
Why is the strong nuclear force essential for the stability of atomic nuclei?
How would the isolation of Polonium and Radium advance understanding of radioactivity?
How would the isolation of Polonium and Radium advance understanding of radioactivity?
Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19, what is the number of neutrons?
Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19, what is the number of neutrons?
How did the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen contribute to the field of nuclear physics?
How did the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen contribute to the field of nuclear physics?
Suppose an element undergoes alpha decay. How does this decay affect the atomic number and mass number of the resulting element?
Suppose an element undergoes alpha decay. How does this decay affect the atomic number and mass number of the resulting element?
Given that the atomic number of Sodium (Na) is 11, what is the number of protons and electrons?
Given that the atomic number of Sodium (Na) is 11, what is the number of protons and electrons?
If the number of protons in Xenon (Xe) is 54, what is its atomic number?
If the number of protons in Xenon (Xe) is 54, what is its atomic number?
In nuclear physics, what is the relationship between binding energy and the stability of a nucleus?
In nuclear physics, what is the relationship between binding energy and the stability of a nucleus?
Tungsten (W) has an atomic mass of 184 and 74 protons. How many neutrons does it have?
Tungsten (W) has an atomic mass of 184 and 74 protons. How many neutrons does it have?
A radioactive sample of Radium-226 has a half-life of 1600 years. Approximately how long will it take for the activity of the sample to decrease to 1/4 of its original value?
A radioactive sample of Radium-226 has a half-life of 1600 years. Approximately how long will it take for the activity of the sample to decrease to 1/4 of its original value?
What is the approximate radius of a nucleus with a nucleon number (A) of 64, given $r_0 = 1.2 \text{ fm}$?
What is the approximate radius of a nucleus with a nucleon number (A) of 64, given $r_0 = 1.2 \text{ fm}$?
A patient receives radiation therapy with X-rays at a dose of 4 Gy. If alpha particles, which have a Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of 10, were used instead, what dose of alpha particles would produce the same biological effect?
A patient receives radiation therapy with X-rays at a dose of 4 Gy. If alpha particles, which have a Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of 10, were used instead, what dose of alpha particles would produce the same biological effect?
Two atoms have the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons. What are they called?
Two atoms have the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons. What are they called?
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the stability of isotopes?
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the stability of isotopes?
In the context of nuclear reactions, what is nuclear fusion?
In the context of nuclear reactions, what is nuclear fusion?
What is the relationship between atomic number, neutron number, and atomic mass?
What is the relationship between atomic number, neutron number, and atomic mass?
What primarily counteracts the electrostatic repulsion between protons within the nucleus?
What primarily counteracts the electrostatic repulsion between protons within the nucleus?
Given two atoms, $^{40}{18}Ar$ and $^{40}{20}Ca$, how are they classified?
Given two atoms, $^{40}{18}Ar$ and $^{40}{20}Ca$, how are they classified?
Which of the following isotopes would be considered the least stable based on the number of protons and neutrons?
Which of the following isotopes would be considered the least stable based on the number of protons and neutrons?
What defines artificial radioactivity?
What defines artificial radioactivity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of all natural noble gases?
Which of the following is a characteristic of all natural noble gases?
If Californium-248 ($^{248}_{96}Cf$) undergoes alpha decay, what are the resulting products?
If Californium-248 ($^{248}_{96}Cf$) undergoes alpha decay, what are the resulting products?
Which of the following is an example of an element that undergoes artificial radioactivity?
Which of the following is an example of an element that undergoes artificial radioactivity?
What happens to the mass number and atomic number of an element that undergoes alpha decay?
What happens to the mass number and atomic number of an element that undergoes alpha decay?
Which of the following statements best describes the process of radioactivity?
Which of the following statements best describes the process of radioactivity?
What factor determines whether a radioisotope will undergo radioactive decay?
What factor determines whether a radioisotope will undergo radioactive decay?
Which of the following elements do not exist naturally?
Which of the following elements do not exist naturally?
What characterizes a gamma ray?
What characterizes a gamma ray?
Why does gamma decay typically accompany other forms of radioactive decay?
Why does gamma decay typically accompany other forms of radioactive decay?
Which of the following occurs during nuclear fission?
Which of the following occurs during nuclear fission?
Besides lighter nuclei, what else is typically generated during nuclear fission?
Besides lighter nuclei, what else is typically generated during nuclear fission?
What is the primary process occurring during nuclear fusion?
What is the primary process occurring during nuclear fusion?
Magnesium-26 ($^{26}{12}Mg$) decays into Aluminum-26 ($^{26}{13}Al$) during what type of decay?
Magnesium-26 ($^{26}{12}Mg$) decays into Aluminum-26 ($^{26}{13}Al$) during what type of decay?
Silver-35 ($^{35}{18}Ag$) decays into Chlorine-35 ($^{35}{17}Cl$) during what type of decay?
Silver-35 ($^{35}{18}Ag$) decays into Chlorine-35 ($^{35}{17}Cl$) during what type of decay?
What is the mass and charge of a beta particle?
What is the mass and charge of a beta particle?
What is the key outcome of two light nuclei combining through nuclear fusion?
What is the key outcome of two light nuclei combining through nuclear fusion?
Why is it important to understand the concept of half-life in the context of radioactive materials?
Why is it important to understand the concept of half-life in the context of radioactive materials?
A radioactive sample of nitrogen-16 decays from 400.0 g to 50.0 g in 28 seconds. What is the half-life of nitrogen-16?
A radioactive sample of nitrogen-16 decays from 400.0 g to 50.0 g in 28 seconds. What is the half-life of nitrogen-16?
If a tumor receives a dose of 40 Gy from X-rays (RBE = 1), what dose of alpha particles (RBE = 10) would be required to achieve the same biological effect?
If a tumor receives a dose of 40 Gy from X-rays (RBE = 1), what dose of alpha particles (RBE = 10) would be required to achieve the same biological effect?
If an atom of uranium-235 ($^{235}_{92}U$) undergoes fission and releases 3 neutrons, what is the mass number of the resulting primary fission fragment, assuming no mass is lost in the process?
If an atom of uranium-235 ($^{235}_{92}U$) undergoes fission and releases 3 neutrons, what is the mass number of the resulting primary fission fragment, assuming no mass is lost in the process?
Which of the following is the most accurate analogy for the role of the strong nuclear force?
Which of the following is the most accurate analogy for the role of the strong nuclear force?
Given that the atomic mass of Sodium (Na) is 23 and it has 12 neutrons, what is its atomic number?
Given that the atomic mass of Sodium (Na) is 23 and it has 12 neutrons, what is its atomic number?
A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 days. If you start with a 100g sample, approximately how much of the isotope will remain after 30 days?
A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 days. If you start with a 100g sample, approximately how much of the isotope will remain after 30 days?
Tungsten (W) has an atomic number of 74 and 110 neutrons. What is its atomic mass?
Tungsten (W) has an atomic number of 74 and 110 neutrons. What is its atomic mass?
Consider two isotopes of the same element. Which statement accurately compares their chemical behavior and nuclear stability?
Consider two isotopes of the same element. Which statement accurately compares their chemical behavior and nuclear stability?
If two atoms have the same mass number but different atomic numbers, what are they called?
If two atoms have the same mass number but different atomic numbers, what are they called?
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with using radiation in medical treatments, such as radiation therapy for cancer?
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with using radiation in medical treatments, such as radiation therapy for cancer?
Which neutron-to-proton ratio typically correlates with the least nuclear stability?
Which neutron-to-proton ratio typically correlates with the least nuclear stability?
How does an increase in Linear Energy Transfer (LET) typically affect the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of radiation?
How does an increase in Linear Energy Transfer (LET) typically affect the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of radiation?
Which force is responsible for holding the nucleus together, counteracting the electrostatic repulsion between protons?
Which force is responsible for holding the nucleus together, counteracting the electrostatic repulsion between protons?
An isotope has 84 protons and 126 neutrons. Based on the provided information, what decay mode is it most likely to undergo?
An isotope has 84 protons and 126 neutrons. Based on the provided information, what decay mode is it most likely to undergo?
An atom has 8 protons and 9 neutrons. Is this atom stable, how do we know this?
An atom has 8 protons and 9 neutrons. Is this atom stable, how do we know this?
A sample containing a mixture of radioactive isotopes is measured with a detector. Which change in the setup could improve the energy resolution of the detector, allowing for more precise identification of the isotopes present?
A sample containing a mixture of radioactive isotopes is measured with a detector. Which change in the setup could improve the energy resolution of the detector, allowing for more precise identification of the isotopes present?
What is the defining characteristic of a 'radioisotope'?
What is the defining characteristic of a 'radioisotope'?
If an element has an atomic number greater than 83, what can be generally inferred about its stability?
If an element has an atomic number greater than 83, what can be generally inferred about its stability?
Two atoms are considered isotones. Which of the following is true regarding these atoms?
Two atoms are considered isotones. Which of the following is true regarding these atoms?
Which of the following is an example of an element that exists naturally and is radioactive?
Which of the following is an example of an element that exists naturally and is radioactive?
How does the mass number (A) change when an atom undergoes alpha decay?
How does the mass number (A) change when an atom undergoes alpha decay?
Using the formula $R = r_0 A^{1/3}$ to estimate nuclear radius, if $r_0 = 1.2 \text{ fm}$ and $A = 64$, what is the approximate radius of the nucleus?
Using the formula $R = r_0 A^{1/3}$ to estimate nuclear radius, if $r_0 = 1.2 \text{ fm}$ and $A = 64$, what is the approximate radius of the nucleus?
Why is the neutron-to-proton ratio important for nuclear stability?
Why is the neutron-to-proton ratio important for nuclear stability?
In the context of nuclear stability, what is the significance of 'magic numbers'?
In the context of nuclear stability, what is the significance of 'magic numbers'?
Which of the following is an example of an element that is artificially produced?
Which of the following is an example of an element that is artificially produced?
A Californium-248 ($^{248}_{96}Cf$) nucleus undergoes alpha decay. What are the resulting atomic and mass numbers of the daughter nucleus?
A Californium-248 ($^{248}_{96}Cf$) nucleus undergoes alpha decay. What are the resulting atomic and mass numbers of the daughter nucleus?
Which type of radiation is described as a helium nucleus with two protons and two neutrons?
Which type of radiation is described as a helium nucleus with two protons and two neutrons?
What process refers to the release of radiation by radioactive isotopes?
What process refers to the release of radiation by radioactive isotopes?
Which of the following best describes the energy and nature of a gamma ray?
Which of the following best describes the energy and nature of a gamma ray?
How does nuclear transmutation differ from radioactive decay?
How does nuclear transmutation differ from radioactive decay?
What best describes the process of nuclear fission?
What best describes the process of nuclear fission?
What is the primary product, other than a heavier nucleus, of nuclear fusion?
What is the primary product, other than a heavier nucleus, of nuclear fusion?
What is the role of free neutrons in nuclear fission?
What is the role of free neutrons in nuclear fission?
Which type of decay usually accompanies the emission of an alpha or beta particle?
Which type of decay usually accompanies the emission of an alpha or beta particle?
In positron emission, what change occurs within the nucleus?
In positron emission, what change occurs within the nucleus?
Which of the following equations accurately represents beta-minus decay of Carbon-14 ($^{14}_6C$)?
Which of the following equations accurately represents beta-minus decay of Carbon-14 ($^{14}_6C$)?
Which process is primarily responsible for the energy production in the Sun?
Which process is primarily responsible for the energy production in the Sun?
Which subatomic particles contribute significantly to the mass of an atom?
Which subatomic particles contribute significantly to the mass of an atom?
If an atom has an atomic number of 17 and a mass number of 35, how many neutrons are in its nucleus?
If an atom has an atomic number of 17 and a mass number of 35, how many neutrons are in its nucleus?
Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the relative penetrating power of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation?
Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the relative penetrating power of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation?
A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years. If you start with a 100 gram sample, approximately how much of the isotope will remain after 30 years?
A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years. If you start with a 100 gram sample, approximately how much of the isotope will remain after 30 years?
In nuclear fission, a heavy nucleus splits into lighter nuclei. What is the primary reason this process releases a significant amount of energy?
In nuclear fission, a heavy nucleus splits into lighter nuclei. What is the primary reason this process releases a significant amount of energy?
How does nuclear fusion, the process that powers the Sun, differ from nuclear fission, used in nuclear power plants?
How does nuclear fusion, the process that powers the Sun, differ from nuclear fission, used in nuclear power plants?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between Linear Energy Transfer (LET) and cell survival rates?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between Linear Energy Transfer (LET) and cell survival rates?
What is the relationship between the energy released during nuclear fusion and the stability of the resulting nucleus?
What is the relationship between the energy released during nuclear fusion and the stability of the resulting nucleus?
A radioactive sample initially contains 500 grams of a certain isotope. After two half-lives, how much of the isotope remains?
A radioactive sample initially contains 500 grams of a certain isotope. After two half-lives, how much of the isotope remains?
Given that the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of alpha particles is 5 when compared to X-rays, what does this imply about the biological damage caused by equal doses of the two types of radiation?
Given that the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of alpha particles is 5 when compared to X-rays, what does this imply about the biological damage caused by equal doses of the two types of radiation?
A patient receives a dose of 30 Gy from radiation with an RBE of 2. What is the equivalent dose received by the patient?
A patient receives a dose of 30 Gy from radiation with an RBE of 2. What is the equivalent dose received by the patient?
Using the information provided, which of the following statements correctly describes the number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom?
Using the information provided, which of the following statements correctly describes the number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom?
What is the nucleon number (A) of an atom?
What is the nucleon number (A) of an atom?
Given the equation for nuclear radius $R ≈ r_0A^{1/3}$, if the constant $r_0$ is 1.2 fm and the nucleon number (A) of an atom is 64, what is the approximate radius of the nucleus?
Given the equation for nuclear radius $R ≈ r_0A^{1/3}$, if the constant $r_0$ is 1.2 fm and the nucleon number (A) of an atom is 64, what is the approximate radius of the nucleus?
Two atoms are considered isobars if they have:
Two atoms are considered isobars if they have:
What force counteracts the electrostatic repulsion between protons within the nucleus, preventing it from flying apart?
What force counteracts the electrostatic repulsion between protons within the nucleus, preventing it from flying apart?
Based on the concept of nuclear stability, which of the following is most likely to be an unstable isotope?
Based on the concept of nuclear stability, which of the following is most likely to be an unstable isotope?
What characteristic defines a radioisotope?
What characteristic defines a radioisotope?
Which factor primarily determines the stability of a nucleus regarding the neutron-to-proton ratio?
Which factor primarily determines the stability of a nucleus regarding the neutron-to-proton ratio?
Which of the following best describes positron emission?
Which of the following best describes positron emission?
What is the fundamental difference between nuclear transmutation and radioactive decay?
What is the fundamental difference between nuclear transmutation and radioactive decay?
Which of the following must occur for nuclear fission to be initiated?
Which of the following must occur for nuclear fission to be initiated?
What is the primary product of nuclear fusion, besides a heavier nucleus?
What is the primary product of nuclear fusion, besides a heavier nucleus?
Which of the following statements accurately describes gamma decay?
Which of the following statements accurately describes gamma decay?
In the context of nuclear reactions, what best describes 'bombardment'?
In the context of nuclear reactions, what best describes 'bombardment'?
Why does nuclear fission release a large amount of energy?
Why does nuclear fission release a large amount of energy?
An atom of Californium-248 ($^{248}_{96}Cf$) undergoes alpha decay. What are the resulting mass and atomic numbers of the daughter nucleus?
An atom of Californium-248 ($^{248}_{96}Cf$) undergoes alpha decay. What are the resulting mass and atomic numbers of the daughter nucleus?
Which of the following poses the greatest challenge for achieving sustained nuclear fusion as a power source?
Which of the following poses the greatest challenge for achieving sustained nuclear fusion as a power source?
Which of the following numbers of protons and neutrons would likely result in a stable isotope?
Which of the following numbers of protons and neutrons would likely result in a stable isotope?
What process characterizes radioactivity?
What process characterizes radioactivity?
An isotope has 8 protons and 10 neutrons. What is its neutron-to-proton ratio?
An isotope has 8 protons and 10 neutrons. What is its neutron-to-proton ratio?
Why are elements with atomic numbers greater than 83 generally unstable?
Why are elements with atomic numbers greater than 83 generally unstable?
If Plutonium-244 ($^{244}_{94}Pu$) undergoes alpha decay, which of the following correctly represents the resulting decay equation?
If Plutonium-244 ($^{244}_{94}Pu$) undergoes alpha decay, which of the following correctly represents the resulting decay equation?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between atomic number, neutron number, and atomic mass?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between atomic number, neutron number, and atomic mass?
In nuclear physics, what is the relationship between the binding energy of a nucleus and its stability?
In nuclear physics, what is the relationship between the binding energy of a nucleus and its stability?
If a certain radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years, approximately how much of a 200g sample of that isotope will remain after 30 years?
If a certain radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years, approximately how much of a 200g sample of that isotope will remain after 30 years?
If an atom of an element has an atomic number of 20 and an atomic mass of 40, how many neutrons are present in the nucleus?
If an atom of an element has an atomic number of 20 and an atomic mass of 40, how many neutrons are present in the nucleus?
Consider two isotopes of the same element. Which statement accurately describes their similarities and differences?
Consider two isotopes of the same element. Which statement accurately describes their similarities and differences?
What is the purpose of calculating the mass defect in nuclear physics?
What is the purpose of calculating the mass defect in nuclear physics?
How does Linear Energy Transfer (LET) relate to the potential harm of radiation?
How does Linear Energy Transfer (LET) relate to the potential harm of radiation?
In Rutherford's gold foil experiment, most alpha particles passed through undeflected. What conclusion was drawn from this observation?
In Rutherford's gold foil experiment, most alpha particles passed through undeflected. What conclusion was drawn from this observation?
Which of the following sequences correctly lists the scientists in chronological order of their key discoveries related to atomic structure and radioactivity?
Which of the following sequences correctly lists the scientists in chronological order of their key discoveries related to atomic structure and radioactivity?
If a tumor is irradiated with 30 Gy of X-rays (RBE = 1), what dose of alpha particles (RBE = 10) would be required to achieve the same biological effect?
If a tumor is irradiated with 30 Gy of X-rays (RBE = 1), what dose of alpha particles (RBE = 10) would be required to achieve the same biological effect?
An atom has 9 protons and a mass number of 19. How many neutrons does this atom have?
An atom has 9 protons and a mass number of 19. How many neutrons does this atom have?
How does the isolation of polonium and radium by Marie and Pierre Curie contribute to our understanding of radioactivity?
How does the isolation of polonium and radium by Marie and Pierre Curie contribute to our understanding of radioactivity?
Xenon (Xe) has an atomic mass of 131 and an atomic number of 54. How many neutrons does it have?
Xenon (Xe) has an atomic mass of 131 and an atomic number of 54. How many neutrons does it have?
Two atoms are considered to be isobars if they have the same:
Two atoms are considered to be isobars if they have the same:
Which of the following describes isotopes?
Which of the following describes isotopes?
What primarily counteracts the electrostatic repulsion between protons within the nucleus of an atom?
What primarily counteracts the electrostatic repulsion between protons within the nucleus of an atom?
What is the name given to atoms with the same neutron number but different proton number?
What is the name given to atoms with the same neutron number but different proton number?
An isotope is considered a radioisotope if it falls:
An isotope is considered a radioisotope if it falls:
An element with an atomic number greater than which value is generally unstable?
An element with an atomic number greater than which value is generally unstable?
Which neutron-to-proton ratio generally correlates with the LEAST stable nuclei?
Which neutron-to-proton ratio generally correlates with the LEAST stable nuclei?
Which of the following elements would most likely undergo alpha decay?
Which of the following elements would most likely undergo alpha decay?
Francium is artificially produced, what type of radioactivity is it?
Francium is artificially produced, what type of radioactivity is it?
Consider the alpha decay of Uranium-238 ($^{238}_{92}U$). What are the products of this decay?
Consider the alpha decay of Uranium-238 ($^{238}_{92}U$). What are the products of this decay?
Why are isotopes with a high neutron-to-proton ratio more likely to undergo beta decay?
Why are isotopes with a high neutron-to-proton ratio more likely to undergo beta decay?
Which of the following is a characteristic of natural radioactivity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of natural radioactivity?
What distinguishes nuclear transmutation from radioactive decay?
What distinguishes nuclear transmutation from radioactive decay?
How does the emission of an alpha particle affect the mass number and atomic number of a radioactive nucleus?
How does the emission of an alpha particle affect the mass number and atomic number of a radioactive nucleus?
If Magnesium-26 ($^{26}_{12}Mg$) undergoes beta-minus decay, what is the resulting nucleus?
If Magnesium-26 ($^{26}_{12}Mg$) undergoes beta-minus decay, what is the resulting nucleus?
Which of the following best describes the energy characteristics of a gamma ray?
Which of the following best describes the energy characteristics of a gamma ray?
Which of these elements would you expect to be radioactive?
Which of these elements would you expect to be radioactive?
What is the fundamental process that occurs during nuclear fusion?
What is the fundamental process that occurs during nuclear fusion?
What is the role of neutrons in a nuclear fission reaction?
What is the role of neutrons in a nuclear fission reaction?
What is the change in atomic number when a nucleus undergoes positron emission?
What is the change in atomic number when a nucleus undergoes positron emission?
What is the change in atomic mass when a nucleus undergoes gamma radiation?
What is the change in atomic mass when a nucleus undergoes gamma radiation?
What typically accompanies gamma decay?
What typically accompanies gamma decay?
Which of the following is the correct relationship between atomic mass (A), number of neutrons (N), and number of protons (Z) in an atom?
Which of the following is the correct relationship between atomic mass (A), number of neutrons (N), and number of protons (Z) in an atom?
Why is the strong nuclear force necessary for the stability of the nucleus?
Why is the strong nuclear force necessary for the stability of the nucleus?
An element has a half-life of 10 days. What fraction of the original sample will remain after 30 days?
An element has a half-life of 10 days. What fraction of the original sample will remain after 30 days?
Which of the following correctly describes the process of nuclear fission?
Which of the following correctly describes the process of nuclear fission?
What is a primary difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion?
What is a primary difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion?
In medicine, radiation is used for both diagnosis and therapy. What characteristic of radiation is most important for its use in cancer therapy?
In medicine, radiation is used for both diagnosis and therapy. What characteristic of radiation is most important for its use in cancer therapy?
Which of the following best describes the process of nuclear fusion?
Which of the following best describes the process of nuclear fusion?
What does 'binding energy' represent in the context of nuclear physics?
What does 'binding energy' represent in the context of nuclear physics?
A sample of a radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 days. If you start with 400 grams of the substance, how much will remain after 30 days?
A sample of a radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 days. If you start with 400 grams of the substance, how much will remain after 30 days?
What is the relationship between Linear Energy Transfer (LET) and cell survival rates?
What is the relationship between Linear Energy Transfer (LET) and cell survival rates?
If a tumor is irradiated with a dose of 30 Gy of X-rays and the same biological effect could be achieved with alpha particles which have an RBE of 10, what dose of alpha particles would be required?
If a tumor is irradiated with a dose of 30 Gy of X-rays and the same biological effect could be achieved with alpha particles which have an RBE of 10, what dose of alpha particles would be required?
Which of the following statements regarding nucleon number (A) is correct?
Which of the following statements regarding nucleon number (A) is correct?
If two atoms have the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons, they are classified as what?
If two atoms have the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons, they are classified as what?
What force is primarily responsible for overcoming the electrostatic repulsion between protons within the nucleus, preventing it from flying apart?
What force is primarily responsible for overcoming the electrostatic repulsion between protons within the nucleus, preventing it from flying apart?
Given the nuclear radius equation $R = r_0 A^{1/3}$, what does 'A' represent?
Given the nuclear radius equation $R = r_0 A^{1/3}$, what does 'A' represent?
Given the nuclear radius equation $R = r_0 A^{1/3}$, and $r_0 = 1.2 \text{ fm}$, approximately what is the radius of carbon-12?
Given the nuclear radius equation $R = r_0 A^{1/3}$, and $r_0 = 1.2 \text{ fm}$, approximately what is the radius of carbon-12?
How is nuclear stability determined?
How is nuclear stability determined?
What characteristic primarily determines whether an atom will undergo alpha decay?
What characteristic primarily determines whether an atom will undergo alpha decay?
Consider a hypothetical isotope with an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons. Based on the general rule, what level of stability would this isotope likely exhibit?
Consider a hypothetical isotope with an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons. Based on the general rule, what level of stability would this isotope likely exhibit?
Which of the following distinguishes artificial radioactivity from natural radioactivity?
Which of the following distinguishes artificial radioactivity from natural radioactivity?
Which of the following properties is characteristic of alpha particles?
Which of the following properties is characteristic of alpha particles?
Which of the following elements is most likely to undergo natural radioactive decay?
Which of the following elements is most likely to undergo natural radioactive decay?
Which of the following gases are all stable?
Which of the following gases are all stable?
How does an unstable atom achieve stability through radioactive decay?
How does an unstable atom achieve stability through radioactive decay?
Which of the following best describes Radioactive Decay?
Which of the following best describes Radioactive Decay?
How does the location of a radioactive material affect radiation exposure and safety protocols?
How does the location of a radioactive material affect radiation exposure and safety protocols?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of gamma decay?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of gamma decay?
During nuclear fission, what role do free neutrons play in a chain reaction?
During nuclear fission, what role do free neutrons play in a chain reaction?
Which process describes the combination of deuterium and tritium to form helium, releasing a large amount of energy?
Which process describes the combination of deuterium and tritium to form helium, releasing a large amount of energy?
Why is nuclear fission energetically favorable for heavy nuclei?
Why is nuclear fission energetically favorable for heavy nuclei?
What distinguishes electron capture from positron emission?
What distinguishes electron capture from positron emission?
What is the role of high energy input in initiating nuclear fusion reactions?
What is the role of high energy input in initiating nuclear fusion reactions?
How does the mass number of a nucleus change following gamma decay?
How does the mass number of a nucleus change following gamma decay?
Flashcards
Atom
Atom
The smallest unit of matter, combining to form molecules.
Proton
Proton
Positively charged particle discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1919, located in the nucleus.
Neutron
Neutron
Neutral particle discovered by James Chadwick in 1932, located in the nucleus.
Atomic Mass
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Atomic Number
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Isotope
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Electron
Electron
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Nucleon Number (A)
Nucleon Number (A)
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Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
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Nuclear Radius Constant
Nuclear Radius Constant
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Isobars
Isobars
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Strong Nuclear Force
Strong Nuclear Force
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Neutron-to-Proton Ratio (n/p)
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Radioisotope
Radioisotope
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Binding Energy
Binding Energy
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Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion
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Half-Life
Half-Life
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Linear Energy Transfer (LET)
Linear Energy Transfer (LET)
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Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE)
Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE)
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Beta Particle (β)
Beta Particle (β)
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Positron Emission
Positron Emission
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Gamma Ray (γ)
Gamma Ray (γ)
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Nuclear Transmutation
Nuclear Transmutation
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Beta Decay
Beta Decay
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Gamma Decay
Gamma Decay
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Electron Capture
Electron Capture
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Z > 83
Z > 83
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Alpha Decay (Z>83)
Alpha Decay (Z>83)
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Magic Numbers (Nuclear Stability)
Magic Numbers (Nuclear Stability)
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Radioactivity
Radioactivity
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Radioactive Decay
Radioactive Decay
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Alpha Decay
Alpha Decay
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Alpha Particle (α)
Alpha Particle (α)
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Alpha Decay Equation
Alpha Decay Equation
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Natural Radioactivity
Natural Radioactivity
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Band of Stability
Band of Stability
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Nuclear Radius
Nuclear Radius
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Finding Neutrons
Finding Neutrons
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Nuclear Instability
Nuclear Instability
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Nuclear Density
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Neutron-to-Proton Ratio
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Nuclear Fusion Energy Release
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Mass Defect
Mass Defect
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Unequal Biologic Effect
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Even vs. Odd Nucleons
Even vs. Odd Nucleons
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Magic Numbers (Nuclear)
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Alpha decay process
Alpha decay process
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Artificial Radioactivity
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Balancing Nuclear Equations
Balancing Nuclear Equations
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Alpha Decay Dominance (Z > 83)
Alpha Decay Dominance (Z > 83)
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Artificial substance
Artificial substance
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Naturally produce substance
Naturally produce substance
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Production fo Helium nucleus
Production fo Helium nucleus
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Neutron-Induced Fission
Neutron-Induced Fission
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Beta Minus Decay
Beta Minus Decay
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Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen
Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen
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Antoine Henri Becquerel
Antoine Henri Becquerel
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Marie Curie
Marie Curie
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First Medical X-ray
First Medical X-ray
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Molecules
Molecules
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Fluorine Example
Fluorine Example
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Atom's Radius
Atom's Radius
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Stability Band
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Unstable Nucleus
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Biological Hazards of Radiation
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Alpha Particle
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Emission of Helium Nucleus
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Gamma Emission
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Nuclear Reaction
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Nuclear Physics
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Röntgen's Discovery
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Uses of Radiation
Uses of Radiation
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Nuclear Binding Energy
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Beta Particle
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Gamma Ray
Gamma Ray
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Z > 83 (Instability)
Z > 83 (Instability)
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Splitting Atoms
Splitting Atoms
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Magic Numbers
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Ejection of Particles
Ejection of Particles
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Alpha Decay Reaction
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Radioisotope (Radioactive isotope)
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Alpha Particle Emission
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Pair production
Pair production
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Radioisotope Stability
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Atomic mass units
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Nuclear r₀
Nuclear r₀
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Magic Numbers (Nuclear Physics)
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Nuclear Fusion Energy
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Half-Life (t1/2)
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Beneficial use of Radiation
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Radiation detection
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Radiation Protection
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Discovery of X-ray
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Odd-Odd Nuclei
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Balanced Nuclear Equation
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Binding Energy Definition
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Half-Life Definition
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Odd-Odd Nuclei (Stability)
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Even-Even Nuclei (Stability)
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Beta Decay (β-)
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Gamma Decay (γ)
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1919
1919
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Atomic number Z > 83
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Magic Numbers for Stability
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What does Alpha particle consist of
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Artificial substances examples
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Loss of -Ray
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Proton Conversion
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Radioactive isotopes
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Beta (β-) Decay
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Gamma (γ) Decay
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Electrostatic Repulsion
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Neutron/Proton ratio
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Magic Numbers (Stability)
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1𝜇=1.66 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔
1𝜇=1.66 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔
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R =
R =
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β- Decay
β- Decay
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γ-Decay
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Stability Chart
Stability Chart
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Beta Minus Decay (β-)
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Neutron generation
Neutron generation
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Activity
Activity
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Nuclear Radius Formula
Nuclear Radius Formula
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Magic Numbers in Nuclei
Magic Numbers in Nuclei
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Even vs. Odd Nucleons (Stability)
Even vs. Odd Nucleons (Stability)
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Artificial Radioactivity Examples
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Balancing Alpha Decay
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Alpha Particle Composition
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Mass Number
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Atomic Number (Z)
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Element Instability
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Coulomb's Law
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Nuclear Radius Equation
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Nuclear fission process
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Nuclear Equation Balance
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Calculating Neutrons
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Nuclear Fission (Details)
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Nuclear Fusion (Details)
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Beta Minus Particle
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