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Questions and Answers
Which of the following models describes the atom as consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons in specific energy levels with specific capacities?
Which of the following models describes the atom as consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons in specific energy levels with specific capacities?
What is the charge of a proton?
What is the charge of a proton?
Which of the following determines the element's identity and its isotopes?
Which of the following determines the element's identity and its isotopes?
What is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom?
What is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom?
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Which of the following principles states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers?
Which of the following principles states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers?
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What is the outermost energy level involved in chemical bonding?
What is the outermost energy level involved in chemical bonding?
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Which of the following describes the distance of the electron from the nucleus?
Which of the following describes the distance of the electron from the nucleus?
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What determines the shape of the electron's orbit?
What determines the shape of the electron's orbit?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
Atomic Models
- Rutherford Model (1911): Atom consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons orbiting at a distance.
- Bohr Model (1913): Atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons in specific energy levels (shells) with specific capacities.
Subatomic Particles
-
Proton:
- Positive charge
- Found in nucleus
- Mass: 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
-
Neutron:
- No charge
- Found in nucleus
- Mass: 1 amu
-
Electron:
- Negative charge
- Found in electron cloud
- Mass: 1/1836 amu
Atomic Nucleus
- Proton-Neutron Ratio: The ratio of protons to neutrons in the nucleus determines the element's identity and its isotopes.
- Nuclear Stability: The number of neutrons in the nucleus affects the stability of the atom.
Electron Configuration
- Electron Shells: Energy levels around the nucleus that can hold a specific number of electrons.
- Valence Shell: The outermost energy level, involved in chemical bonding.
- Aufbau Principle: Electrons occupy the lowest available energy level.
- Pauli's Exclusion Principle: No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers.
Energy Levels
- Principal Energy Level (n): The main energy level, describing the distance of the electron from the nucleus.
- Azimuthal Quantum Number (l): Describes the shape of the electron's orbit.
- Magnetic Quantum Number (m): Describes the orientation of the electron's orbit.
- Spin Quantum Number (s): Describes the spin of the electron.
Ionization Energy
- Ionization Energy: The energy required to remove an electron from an atom.
- Successive Ionization Energies: The energy required to remove subsequent electrons from an atom increases.
Atomic Structure
- Atom consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons orbiting at a distance (Rutherford Model, 1911)
- Atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons in specific energy levels (shells) with specific capacities (Bohr Model, 1913)
Subatomic Particles
- Proton: Positive charge, found in nucleus, mass: 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
- Neutron: No charge, found in nucleus, mass: 1 amu
- Electron: Negative charge, found in electron cloud, mass: 1/1836 amu
Atomic Nucleus
- Proton-Neutron Ratio determines the element's identity and its isotopes
- Nuclear Stability affected by the number of neutrons in the nucleus
Electron Configuration
- Electron Shells: Energy levels around the nucleus that can hold a specific number of electrons
- Valence Shell: Outermost energy level, involved in chemical bonding
- Aufbau Principle: Electrons occupy the lowest available energy level
- Pauli's Exclusion Principle: No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers
Energy Levels
- Principal Energy Level (n): Main energy level, describing the distance of the electron from the nucleus
- Azimuthal Quantum Number (l): Describes the shape of the electron's orbit
- Magnetic Quantum Number (m): Describes the orientation of the electron's orbit
- Spin Quantum Number (s): Describes the spin of the electron
Ionization Energy
- Ionization Energy: Energy required to remove an electron from an atom
- Successive Ionization Energies: Energy required to remove subsequent electrons from an atom increases
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Description
Learn about the structure of atoms, including the Rutherford and Bohr models, and the properties of subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons.
