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Questions and Answers
What is the common oxidation state of oxygen?
What is the common oxidation state of oxygen?
Which of the following represents the short hand notation for iron?
Which of the following represents the short hand notation for iron?
Which of the following is the formula for quartz?
Which of the following is the formula for quartz?
Which common oxidation state belongs to magnesium?
Which common oxidation state belongs to magnesium?
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What number of electrons is balanced by the number of protons in a neutral atom?
What number of electrons is balanced by the number of protons in a neutral atom?
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How many oxygen ions are involved in the formation of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?
How many oxygen ions are involved in the formation of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?
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All isotopes of a given element have the same number of which particle?
All isotopes of a given element have the same number of which particle?
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Which of the following represents the formula for calcite?
Which of the following represents the formula for calcite?
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Which of the following minerals is a member of the carbonate group?
Which of the following minerals is a member of the carbonate group?
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Identify the mineral that belongs to the oxide group.
Identify the mineral that belongs to the oxide group.
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What is the softness level of gypsum, specifically in relation to Mohs hardness scale?
What is the softness level of gypsum, specifically in relation to Mohs hardness scale?
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Which mineral is categorized under the phosphate group?
Which mineral is categorized under the phosphate group?
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Identify the mineral that exemplifies a sheet silicate structure.
Identify the mineral that exemplifies a sheet silicate structure.
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What does the term 'streak' refer to in mineral identification?
What does the term 'streak' refer to in mineral identification?
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Among the following, which mineral is known for the framework silicate structure?
Among the following, which mineral is known for the framework silicate structure?
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Which mineral mentioned has no cleavage and breaks along conchoidal fractures?
Which mineral mentioned has no cleavage and breaks along conchoidal fractures?
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Which of the following is classified as a halide mineral?
Which of the following is classified as a halide mineral?
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Which mineral is characterized as having a double chain silicate structure?
Which mineral is characterized as having a double chain silicate structure?
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Which mineral displays one direction of well-developed cleavage?
Which mineral displays one direction of well-developed cleavage?
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Which of the following minerals belong to the independent silicate structure group?
Which of the following minerals belong to the independent silicate structure group?
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Which mineral listed can always be identified by its darker color compared to others?
Which mineral listed can always be identified by its darker color compared to others?
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Which common silicate mineral can exhibit conchoidal fractures and come in multiple colors?
Which common silicate mineral can exhibit conchoidal fractures and come in multiple colors?
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What type of bond is formed when sodium and chloride combine to form halite?
What type of bond is formed when sodium and chloride combine to form halite?
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What charge does a cation carry?
What charge does a cation carry?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure and Isotopes
- Electrons in a neutral atom balance with protons.
- Valence electrons are located in the outermost electron shell.
Isotopes
- Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different neutrons, causing variations in atomic weight.
Oxidation States
- Common oxidation states vary by element:
- Oxygen: -2
- Hydrogen: +1
- Calcium: +2
- Sodium: +1
- Magnesium: +2
- Silicon: +4
- Aluminum: +3
- Potassium: +1
- Chlorine: -1
- Iron: +2 and +3
Chemical Notation
- Symbol for calcium: Ca
- Symbol for sodium: Na
- Symbol for potassium: K
- Symbol for hydrogen: H
- Symbol for magnesium: Mg
- Symbol for iron: Fe
- Symbol for silicon: Si
- Symbol for aluminum: Al
- Symbol for oxygen: O
- Symbol for chlorine: Cl
Mineral Formulas
- Typical mineral formulas include:
- Plagioclase: (Ca,Na)(Al,Si)AlSi2O8
- Quartz: SiO2
- Calcite: CaCO3
- K-feldspar: KAlSi3O8
- Halite: NaCl
Mineral Properties and Classification
- Galena, pyrite, silver, and gold exhibit metallic luster.
- Calcite, K-feldspar, and plagioclase have vitreous to pearly luster.
- Minerals composed of NaCl typically display three cleavage directions.
- Gypsum (hardness < 2) can be scratched with a fingernail.
Silicate Structures
- Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron consists of four oxygen ions and one silicon ion.
- Independent silicate minerals include Olivine.
- Single chain silicates include Pyroxene.
- Double chain silicates are exemplified by Amphibole.
- Sheet silicates are represented by Biotite.
- Framework silicates include Quartz.
Charge of Ions
- Cations have a positive charge.
- Anions have a negative charge.
Other Mineral Characteristics
- Streak refers to the color of powdered mineral.
- Use a magnet to test for magnetism in certain minerals.
- Friedrich Mohs created the Mohs hardness scale to classify mineral hardness.
- The hardest mineral is diamond, while talc is the softest.
Mineral Groups
- Minerals categorized into groups:
- Sulfide group includes Pyrite (FeS2).
- Oxide group includes Hematite (Fe2O3).
- Halide group has Halite (NaCl).
- Carbonate group includes Calcite (CaCO3).
- Phosphate group includes Apatite (Ca5(PO4)(F, Cl, OH)).
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Description
Test your knowledge on atomic structure, isotopes, and chemical notation. This quiz covers essential concepts such as valence electrons, oxidation states, and common mineral formulas. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the building blocks of matter.
