Atomic Structure and Isotopes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the smallest particle in an element called?

Atom

Electrons have a positive charge.

False

What are the two types of particles found in the nucleus of an atom?

  • Electrons and protons
  • Neutrons and protons (correct)
  • Electrons and neutrons
  • Neutrons and electrons

    • What is a nuclide?

    <p>An atomic species for which the number of protons and neutrons are known</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic number (Symbol Z) of an atom?

    <p>The number of protons in the atom's nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nucleon number (Symbol A)?

    <p>The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unified atomic mass unit (Symbol: u) also known as?

    <p>Dalton (Symbol: Da)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass number of an atom also referred to as?

    <p>The nucleon number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are different nuclides identified?

    <p>By their mass number (A) and atomic number (Z)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isotopes?

    <p>Nuclides of the same element having the same proton number but different neutron numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three isotopes of hydrogen?

    <p>Protium (H), deuterium (H), and tritium (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two isotopes of chlorine?

    <p>35Cl and 37Cl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the isotopic mass?

    <p>The mass of an atom of an isotope expressed in atomic mass units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative isotopic mass?

    <p>The mass of an atom of an isotope related to one atomic mass unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic mass of an element?

    <p>The mean of the isotopic masses of its isotopes in a normal isotropic mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative atomic mass of an element?

    <p>The mean of the isotropic masses related to one atomic mass unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of nuclear reactions?

    <p>Fusion and fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fusion reaction?

    <p>When two atomic nuclei collide at very high speeds and fuse together to form a new nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of radiation emitted in nuclear reactions?

    <p>alpha particles (α-particles), beta particles (β-particles), and gamma radiation (γ-rays)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of an alpha particle?

    <p>+2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of gamma radiation?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alpha particles are attracted towards negatively charged surfaces

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Beta particles are attracted towards positively charged surfaces

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gamma radiation is affected by an electric field.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor in balancing a nuclear equation?

    <p>The total mass number and the total atomic number must be equal on both sides of the equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the activity of a radioactive substance refer to?

    <p>The number of integrations of the radioactive material per unit time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of a radioactive substance?

    <p>The time it takes to lose half of its activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key principle demonstrated by the graph showing the decrease of radiation over time?

    <p>Radioactive decay is a process that occurs at a constant rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Atomic Structure

    • Atoms are the smallest particles in an element.
    • Atoms are made of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
    • Electrons have a negative charge (-1).
    • The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
    • Protons have a positive charge (+1).
    • Neutrons have no charge (0).
    • Neutrons and protons can exist independently.

    Nuclides

    • A nuclide is an atomic species with a known number of protons and neutrons.
    • The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
    • The number of protons is called the atomic number (Z).
    • The total number of protons and neutrons is called the mass number (A).

    Isotopes

    • Isotopes are nuclides of the same element with the same proton number but different neutron numbers.
    • Elements are defined by their number of protons.
    • Hydrogen has isotopes called protium, deuterium, and tritium.
    • Chlorine has isotopes 35Cl and 37Cl.
    • Isotopes have different masses, expressed in atomic mass units (u).
    • The isotopic mass of 23Na is 23u.
    • The atomic mass of an element is the average of the isotopic masses of its isotopes in a normal mixture.
    • The atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5u.

    Finding Atomic Mass

    • The atomic mass of an element is the weighted average of the atomic masses of its isotopes.
    • The weightings are based on the percentage of each isotope in a normal sample.
    • Example calculation for potassium (K):
    • 39K accounts for 93% of the sample.
    • 41K accounts for 7% of the sample.
    • Atomic mass of K = (0.93 x 39) + (0.07 x 41) ≈ 39.1 u

    Finding Percentage of Isotope

    • Example calculation for neon (Ne):
    • The relative atomic mass of Ne (mixture of 22Ne and 20Ne) is 20.2 u.
    • Assume the percentage of 20Ne is x%. Then (100-x)% is 22Ne.
    • 20.2 = [(20 * x) + (22 * (100-x))] / 100
    • Solving for x gives approximately 90%.

    Nuclear Reactions

    • Nuclear reactions involve changes in the nucleus of an atom.
    • Two types are fusion (light nuclei combine) and fission (heavy nuclei split).
    • Three types of radiation are emitted during nuclear reactions:
    • Alpha particles (α): positive charge, relatively large mass, low penetration.
    • Beta particles (β): negative charge, small mass, medium penetration.
    • Gamma rays (γ): no charge, no mass, high penetration.

    Balancing Nuclear Equations

    • In nuclear reactions, the total mass number and atomic number must be equal on both sides of the equation.
    • Example: U-238 decaying to Th-234.

    Half-Life and Activity

    • Activity is the rate of decay of a radioactive substance.
    • Half-life is the time taken for half of the radioactive substance to decay.

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    The Atom PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on atomic structure, nuclides, and isotopes with this quiz. Explore the fundamentals of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and the concept of isotopes. Challenge yourself to understand how atomic species relate to one another.

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