Podcast
Questions and Answers
If l = 1, ml can be __________
If l = 1, ml can be __________
-1, 0, or 1
The __________ quantum number describes the orientation of the orbital in space
The __________ quantum number describes the orientation of the orbital in space
Magnetic
The spin quantum number ms can have values of __________
The spin quantum number ms can have values of __________
+½ or -½
In the 4d subshell, mℓ can have values of __________
In the 4d subshell, mℓ can have values of __________
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Orbitals with the same value of n and l are said to be in the same __________
Orbitals with the same value of n and l are said to be in the same __________
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The l quantum number primarily determines the __________ of the orbital
The l quantum number primarily determines the __________ of the orbital
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S orbitals are __________ in shape
S orbitals are __________ in shape
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Each principal energy level has one __________ orbital
Each principal energy level has one __________ orbital
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Atoms are electrically neutral because the number of ______ are equal to the number of electrons
Atoms are electrically neutral because the number of ______ are equal to the number of electrons
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Electrons are positioned by ______ forces in Thomson's model
Electrons are positioned by ______ forces in Thomson's model
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An atom has a ______ central core according to Rutherford's model
An atom has a ______ central core according to Rutherford's model
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A ______ has opposite charge of electron
A ______ has opposite charge of electron
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Electron energy is ______ according to De Broglie's postulate
Electron energy is ______ according to De Broglie's postulate
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It is not possible to know the ______ accuracy both the position and momentum of an electron
It is not possible to know the ______ accuracy both the position and momentum of an electron
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The orientation of the electron spin is _______________, it can only be in one direction (clockwise) or its opposite (counterclockwise).
The orientation of the electron spin is _______________, it can only be in one direction (clockwise) or its opposite (counterclockwise).
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The electron spin adds a _______________ quantum number to the description of electrons in an atom.
The electron spin adds a _______________ quantum number to the description of electrons in an atom.
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The Spin Quantum Number, ms, can have values of _______________.
The Spin Quantum Number, ms, can have values of _______________.
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By convention, a half-arrow pointing up is used to represent an electron in an orbital with _______________ spin.
By convention, a half-arrow pointing up is used to represent an electron in an orbital with _______________ spin.
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The maximum number of electrons that can reside in the orbitals is _______________.
The maximum number of electrons that can reside in the orbitals is _______________.
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An oxygen atom has a total of _______________ electrons.
An oxygen atom has a total of _______________ electrons.
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We often represent an ______ as a square and the electrons in that orbital as arrows
We often represent an ______ as a square and the electrons in that orbital as arrows
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The direction of the arrow represents the ______ of the electron
The direction of the arrow represents the ______ of the electron
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Electron configuration is how the electrons are distributed among the various ______ in an atom
Electron configuration is how the electrons are distributed among the various ______ in an atom
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The ______ principle states that an electron occupies the lowest available energy level
The ______ principle states that an electron occupies the lowest available energy level
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Pauli's ______ principle states that no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers
Pauli's ______ principle states that no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers
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Hund's rule states that when filling degenerate orbitals, one electron is placed in each ______ before any pairing occurs
Hund's rule states that when filling degenerate orbitals, one electron is placed in each ______ before any pairing occurs
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Splitting of energy levels into sublevels is caused by ______ and its effect on shielding
Splitting of energy levels into sublevels is caused by ______ and its effect on shielding
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For a given n value, a lower ______ value indicates a lower energy sublevel
For a given n value, a lower ______ value indicates a lower energy sublevel
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Electrons occupy __________ in the order of the energy levels of the orbital starting with 1s as shown by the diagram.
Electrons occupy __________ in the order of the energy levels of the orbital starting with 1s as shown by the diagram.
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The order for filling energy sublevels with electrons is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s according to the __________ principle.
The order for filling energy sublevels with electrons is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s according to the __________ principle.
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In general, energies of sublevels increase as n increases (1 < 2 < 3, etc.) and as l increases (s < p < d < f) allowing electrons to “fill up” in the lowest energy __________.
In general, energies of sublevels increase as n increases (1 < 2 < 3, etc.) and as l increases (s < p < d < f) allowing electrons to “fill up” in the lowest energy __________.
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Energy of orbitals in a single electron atom depends only on the __________ quantum number n.
Energy of orbitals in a single electron atom depends only on the __________ quantum number n.
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The electron configuration of sulfur (S) is 1s22s22p63s23p4 or [Ne]3s23p4 and the electron configuration of palladium (Pd) is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p64d10 or [Kr]4d10 according to the __________ principle.
The electron configuration of sulfur (S) is 1s22s22p63s23p4 or [Ne]3s23p4 and the electron configuration of palladium (Pd) is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p64d10 or [Kr]4d10 according to the __________ principle.
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No two electrons in an atom may have the same set of four __________ numbers (n, l, ml, ms) according to the Pauli exclusion principle.
No two electrons in an atom may have the same set of four __________ numbers (n, l, ml, ms) according to the Pauli exclusion principle.
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Each orbital may contain a maximum of 2 electrons, which must have opposite __________ according to the Pauli exclusion principle.
Each orbital may contain a maximum of 2 electrons, which must have opposite __________ according to the Pauli exclusion principle.
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The electron configuration of helium (He) is 1s2 according to the __________ diagram for the He ground state.
The electron configuration of helium (He) is 1s2 according to the __________ diagram for the He ground state.
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
- An atom is electrically neutral because the number of protons equals the number of electrons.
Nuclear Atomic Model
- Thomson's Model:
- Proposed a model of the atom as a sphere of positive matter with electrons positioned by electrostatic forces.
- Rutherford's Model:
- Atoms have a dense central core (nucleus) containing positive charge.
- Protons have opposite (+) charge of electrons (-).
Quantum Mechanics Model
- Dual Nature of Electron:
- De Broglie's Postulate: Electron energy is quantized, and electrons exhibit wave-like behavior.
- Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to know both the position and momentum of an electron with unlimited accuracy.
- Quantum Numbers:
- Principal Quantum Number (n): Describes the energy level of an electron.
- Azimuthal Quantum Number (l): Describes the shape of the orbital.
- Magnetic Quantum Number (ml): Describes the orientation of the orbital in space.
- Spin Quantum Number (ms): Describes the spin of an electron.
Atomic Orbitals
- Each set of n, l, and ml describes an orbital.
- Orbitals with the same value of n are in the same principal energy level.
- Orbitals with the same value of n and l are in the same subshell.
- Shapes of Atomic Orbitals:
- s Orbitals: Spherical
- p Orbitals: Like two balloons tied at the knots
- d Orbitals: Like four balloons tied at the knots
- f Orbitals: Like eight balloons tied at the knots
Electronic Configurations and Orbital Diagrams
- Electron Configuration: Describes how electrons are distributed among atomic orbitals.
- Orbital Diagrams:
- Represent orbitals as squares and electrons as arrows.
- Direction of the arrow represents the spin of the electron.
- Rules for Assigning Electron Configuration and Orbital Diagrams:
- Aufbau Principle: Electrons occupy orbitals in order of increasing energy.
- Pauli's Exclusion Principle: No two electrons in an atom may have the same set of four quantum numbers.
- Hund's Rule: Not mentioned explicitly in the text.
Periodic Classification of Elements
- Not explicitly discussed in the provided text.
Periodic Variations in Physical Properties
- Not explicitly discussed in the text.
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Description
Test your knowledge on atomic structure, nuclear atomic model, quantum mechanics, and electronic configurations with this quiz. Covers topics on atomic orbitals, periodic classification, and physical properties.
