Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration
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Questions and Answers

Write the distribution of electrons in carbon and sodium atoms.

Carbon: 2, 4 Sodium: 2, 8, 1

If the K and L shells of an atom are full, then what would be the total number of electrons in the atom?

10

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the outermost shell of an atom?

8

How many electrons can be accommodated in the third orbit or M-shell of an atom?

<p>18</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the valency of an atom that has a completely filled outermost shell?

<p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define valency.

<p>The combining capacity of an atom, determined by the number of electrons it needs to gain, lose, or share to achieve a stable electron configuration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the electronic configuration of an atom?

<p>Electrons are filled in the inner shells first, and then in the outermost shell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between isotopes and isobars?

<p>Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Isobars are atoms of different elements with the same mass number but different atomic numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average atomic mass of chlorine based on the data provided in the text?

<p>35.5 u</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between atomic number and mass number?

<p>Atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, while mass number represents the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The atomic number identifies an element, while the mass number describes the specific isotope of an element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the chemical properties of isotopes?

<p>The chemical properties of isotopes are essentially the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of an isotope of uranium?

<p>It acts as a fuel in nuclear reactors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of an isotope of cobalt?

<p>It is used in the treatment of cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of calcium?

<p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of argon?

<p>18</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass number of calcium and argon as discussed in the text?

<p>40</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define isobars.

<p>Atoms of different elements with the same mass number but different atomic numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following subatomic particles with their corresponding charges:

<p>Protons = Positive Neutrons = Neutral Electrons = Negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the symbols H, D and T, tabulate three sub-atomic particles found in each of them.

<table> <thead> <tr> <th>Symbol</th> <th>Protons</th> <th>Neutrons</th> <th>Electrons</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>H</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>D</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>T</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Signup and view all the answers

Write the electronic configuration of any one pair of isotopes and isobars.

<p>For isotopes: Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 Carbon-12: 2, 4 Carbon-14: 2, 6 For isobars: Calcium-40 (atomic number 20) and Argon-40 (atomic number 18) Calcium-40: 2, 8, 8, 2 Argon-40: 2, 8, 8, 8</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Electronic Configuration

  • Atoms have electrons arranged in shells (orbits)
  • Formula for maximum electrons per shell: 2n² (where 'n' is the shell number)
  • K-shell (n=1): Maximum 2 electrons
  • L-shell (n=2): Maximum 8 electrons
  • M-shell (n=3): Maximum 18 electrons
  • N-shell (n=4): Maximum 32 electrons
  • Outermost shell can hold a maximum of 8 electrons
  • Inner shells must be filled before outer shells
  • Elements with a full outermost shell (8 electrons) are less reactive
  • First orbit (K-shell) = 2 electrons
  • Second orbit (L-shell) = 8 electrons
  • Third orbit (M-shell) = 18 electrons
  • Fourth orbit (N-shell) = 32 electrons

Atomic Structure of Elements

  • Figure 4.4 shows a schematic representation of the first 18 elements' atomic structures
  • Table 4.1 details the composition of the first 18 elements

Electron Distribution

  • Questions ask for the electron distribution in specific elements (carbon and sodium)

Total Electrons in Atom

  • If K and L shells are full, the atom has a total of 10 electrons (2 + 8)

Valency

  • Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell
  • Atoms with a full outermost shell (8 electrons) have zero valency (are inert)
  • Atoms with incomplete outermost shells have combining capacity (valency)

Isotopes

  • Many elements are mixtures of isotopes
  • Isotopes are pure substances of the same element with different masses
  • Chlorine has isotopes with masses 35 u and 37 u in a 3:1 ratio
  • Average atomic mass is calculated using the proportion of each isotope (Formula given: 35 75/100 + 37 25/100 = 35.5 u)
  • Average atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5 u.

Average Atomic Mass

  • Average atomic mass is the average mass of all naturally occurring atoms of an element
  • If an element has no isotopes, its mass equals the sum of protons and neutrons.
  • If isotopes are present, the percentage of each isotope is used to calculate the average.

Applications of Isotopes

  • Uranium-235 isotope used in nuclear reactors
  • Cobalt-60 used in cancer treatment
  • Iodine-131 used in goitre treatment

Isobars

  • Isobars are atoms of different elements with different atomic numbers, but the same mass number.
  • Example: Calcium (atomic number 20), and Argon (atomic number 18), both have a mass number of 40
  • Same number of nucleons (protons + neutrons)

Subatomic Particles

  • Questions about a table detailing subatomic particles (proton, neutron, electron) in different isotopes like H, D, and T.

Electronic Configuration and Isotopes and Isobars

  • Questions related to the electron configuration of a pair of isotopes and isobars.

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Description

This quiz covers the electronic configuration of atoms, including the distribution of electrons in shells and their valency. It explores the maximum number of electrons per shell and the implications of electron arrangement in chemical reactivity, specifically in elements like carbon and sodium.

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