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Questions and Answers
Who formulated the law of triads, grouping elements into sets of three?
Who formulated the law of triads, grouping elements into sets of three?
Which scientist created the first accepted version of the periodic table?
Which scientist created the first accepted version of the periodic table?
What refers to the total number of protons in an atom of an element?
What refers to the total number of protons in an atom of an element?
What fundamental structure did Ernest Rutherford propose for the atom?
What fundamental structure did Ernest Rutherford propose for the atom?
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What phenomenon explains the visible spectrum emitted by heated elements?
What phenomenon explains the visible spectrum emitted by heated elements?
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Which type of element is characterized as being malleable and ductile?
Which type of element is characterized as being malleable and ductile?
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According to Niels Bohr's atomic model, what happens when an electron jumps to a higher orbit?
According to Niels Bohr's atomic model, what happens when an electron jumps to a higher orbit?
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Which property is defined as the energy required to remove an electron from an atom?
Which property is defined as the energy required to remove an electron from an atom?
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What term is used to describe the vertical columns of elements in the periodic table?
What term is used to describe the vertical columns of elements in the periodic table?
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What characterizes the first orbit (n1) in Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom?
What characterizes the first orbit (n1) in Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom?
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What is the process by which an electron returns to the ground state from an excited state?
What is the process by which an electron returns to the ground state from an excited state?
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In a period of the periodic table, what happens to the number of valence electrons?
In a period of the periodic table, what happens to the number of valence electrons?
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In Bohr's atomic model, how are electron orbits characterized?
In Bohr's atomic model, how are electron orbits characterized?
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Which of the following elements is likely to be a poor conductor of heat and electricity?
Which of the following elements is likely to be a poor conductor of heat and electricity?
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What limitation does the quantum mechanical model of atoms have compared to Bohr's model?
What limitation does the quantum mechanical model of atoms have compared to Bohr's model?
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What was a key contribution of Niels Bohr to atomic theory?
What was a key contribution of Niels Bohr to atomic theory?
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What principle states that the exact position and movement of an electron cannot be precisely known?
What principle states that the exact position and movement of an electron cannot be precisely known?
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How many orbitals are present in the d sublevel?
How many orbitals are present in the d sublevel?
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Which of the following is true about a positive ion?
Which of the following is true about a positive ion?
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In an electronic configuration, which of the following represents the correct filling sequence for magnesium with atomic number 12?
In an electronic configuration, which of the following represents the correct filling sequence for magnesium with atomic number 12?
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What is the maximum electron capacity of the f sublevel?
What is the maximum electron capacity of the f sublevel?
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What happens when an element achieves the same electronic configuration as a noble gas?
What happens when an element achieves the same electronic configuration as a noble gas?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the periodic table?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the periodic table?
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How many valence electrons do elements typically strive to achieve for stability?
How many valence electrons do elements typically strive to achieve for stability?
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What is the trend of ionization energy as you move across a period?
What is the trend of ionization energy as you move across a period?
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Which of the following elements would likely have the highest electron affinity?
Which of the following elements would likely have the highest electron affinity?
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What does the octet rule state?
What does the octet rule state?
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In the Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS), how many dots are used to represent the valence electrons?
In the Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS), how many dots are used to represent the valence electrons?
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What distinguishes a polar covalent bond from a non-polar covalent bond?
What distinguishes a polar covalent bond from a non-polar covalent bond?
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Which group contains alkaline earth metals?
Which group contains alkaline earth metals?
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Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons?
Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons?
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What characteristic do representative elements share?
What characteristic do representative elements share?
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What does a molecular formula indicate about a compound?
What does a molecular formula indicate about a compound?
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What is the primary purpose of a structural formula?
What is the primary purpose of a structural formula?
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Which of the following statements about IUPAC naming is false?
Which of the following statements about IUPAC naming is false?
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Which prefix indicates the presence of four carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon?
Which prefix indicates the presence of four carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon?
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When naming an alkene, what should be prioritized during the numbering of the carbon chain?
When naming an alkene, what should be prioritized during the numbering of the carbon chain?
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During the naming of an alkyne, what is the key characteristic of the carbon chain that must be identified?
During the naming of an alkyne, what is the key characteristic of the carbon chain that must be identified?
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What prefix would be used to indicate a molecule with seven carbon atoms?
What prefix would be used to indicate a molecule with seven carbon atoms?
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If a compound has the molecular formula C3H6, what type of hydrocarbon is it classified as?
If a compound has the molecular formula C3H6, what type of hydrocarbon is it classified as?
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What is the maximum electronegativity difference for a non polar covalent bond?
What is the maximum electronegativity difference for a non polar covalent bond?
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How many total available valence electrons are in CO2?
How many total available valence electrons are in CO2?
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What is the resulting number of bonds around the central carbon atom in CO2 as per the bonding process?
What is the resulting number of bonds around the central carbon atom in CO2 as per the bonding process?
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Which of the following is the correct name for the compound Mg(NO3)2?
Which of the following is the correct name for the compound Mg(NO3)2?
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What prefix is used for the first element in the compound N2O5?
What prefix is used for the first element in the compound N2O5?
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Which rule applies to naming binary compounds?
Which rule applies to naming binary compounds?
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What is the absolute sum of oxidation numbers for a stable compound?
What is the absolute sum of oxidation numbers for a stable compound?
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Which Greek prefix corresponds to the number 4?
Which Greek prefix corresponds to the number 4?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
- Atoms are the smallest unit of matter that maintains the properties of an element
- Atoms are composed of three subatomic particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons
- Electrons are negatively charged particles
- Protons are positively charged particles
- Neutrons are neutral particles (no charge)
- Electrons orbit the nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons
- The charge of an electron is 1.60 x 10⁻¹⁹ coulomb
Electron Discovery
- Discovered by J.J. Thomson through cathode ray experiments
- Cathode rays are beams of particles that can be made visible in a vacuum tube
- These ray particles are negatively charged,
- These particles are attracted to a positive plate in the tube
- R.A Milikan measured the charge of an electron
Proton Discovery
- Positively charged subatomic particle
- Discovered through the gold foil experiment by Ernest Rutherford
- The gold foil experiment showed a dense, positive nucleus at the center of the atom
Neutron Discovery
- Neutral subatomic particle
- Discovered by James Chadwick
- Neutrally charged particle
Atomic Models
- Democritus: Proposed the concept of atoms as indivisible, fundamental particles
- Dalton: Proposed that elements are made of atoms, all atoms of an element are identical, and atoms combine in whole number ratios to form compounds
- Thomson: Developed the "plum pudding" model—a positive sphere with negative electrons embedded within
- Rutherford: Developed the nuclear model, with a dense, positively charged nucleus, and electrons orbiting around it
- Bohr: Proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific energy levels
- Schrödinger: Used mathematical equations to describe the electron's wave-like behavior, leading to the electron cloud model
Electron Configuration and Orbitals
- Electrons fill orbitals in specific energy levels and sublevels (s, p, d, f)
- The principal quantum number (n) represents the energy level
- Sublevels have a characteristic shape (s=spherical, p=dumbbell, d & f=more complex)
- The number of orbitals within a principal energy level is given by the formula n²
- Pauli Exclusion Principle: Only two electrons can occupy an orbital, and they must have opposite spins
- Aufbau Principle: Electrons fill orbitals of lower energy first
- Hund's Rule: Each orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied. All electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin
Quantum Mechanical Model
- The electron cloud model describes electrons as existing in probabilities of being in specific areas around the nucleus rather than precisely defined orbits
- Orbitals relate to the probability of finding an electron in a given region within the atom
- The energy of each electron level is quantized and described by principal quantum numbers.
Periodic Table
- Elements are arranged by increasing atomic number
- Elements with similar properties are grouped together in columns, called families or groups.
- The horizontal rows are called periods. Elements in a period show trends in their properties.
- Atomic number = number of protons in an atom.
- Atomic mass= sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
Types of Bonds
- Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons between atoms
- Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons between atoms
- Polar Covalent: Unequal sharing of electrons
- Non-polar Covalent: Equal sharing of electrons
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Description
Test your knowledge on atomic structure, including the properties and discoveries of electrons, protons, and neutrons. This quiz covers key experiments and concepts that led to our understanding of atoms as the fundamental units of matter.
