Atomic Structure and Bonding Quiz

Atomic Structure and Bonding

• The Bohr model, a simplified representation of the atom, depicts electrons orbiting the nucleus in specific energy levels. The quantum mechanical model provides a more accurate description, visualizing electrons as existing in probability clouds (orbitals) within energy levels.
• Electron configuration details the arrangement of electrons within energy levels and sublevels. Key rules like Aufbau (filling from lowest energy levels first), Hund's rule (distributing electrons across orbitals within a sublevel singly before doubling up), and Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers) are crucial.
• Elements in the periodic table are categorized as metals or nonmetals based on their properties. Metals tend to lose electrons, while nonmetals tend to gain electrons.
• Ions form when atoms lose or gain electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration with a full outer shell.
• Ionic bonds form between positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions). Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms covalently bonded that carry a net electric charge.

Chemical Formulas and Compounds

• Monatomic ions are single atoms with a charge. Polyatomic ions are groups of covalently bonded atoms with a net charge.
• Organic compounds contain carbon and often hydrogen, and form a wide array of compounds with diverse uses.
• Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Understanding their names and structural formulas, is useful for classifying and understanding their properties.

Stoichiometry

• The mole concept provides a way to quantify amounts of substances in chemical reactions.
• Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, represented in grams per mole (g/mol). It's crucial for converting between mass and moles. The number of moles is simply the ratio of mass to molar mass.
• Percentage composition represents the proportion of each element within a compound by mass.