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Questions and Answers
What is the core of an atom called?
What is the core of an atom called?
Nucleus
What are the positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus called?
What are the positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus called?
Protons
What are the neutral particles in an atom's nucleus called?
What are the neutral particles in an atom's nucleus called?
Neutrons
What are the negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus called?
What are the negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus called?
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What is the number of protons in an element called?
What is the number of protons in an element called?
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What is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom called?
What is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom called?
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What are atoms with unbalanced protons and electrons called?
What are atoms with unbalanced protons and electrons called?
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What are atoms with different neutron configurations called?
What are atoms with different neutron configurations called?
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What are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom called?
What are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom called?
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What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons to fill valence shells?
What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons to fill valence shells?
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What type of bond is formed when atoms donate or accept electrons for stability?
What type of bond is formed when atoms donate or accept electrons for stability?
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What is the process called when water removal results in bonding?
What is the process called when water removal results in bonding?
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What is the process called when water addition splits molecules?
What is the process called when water addition splits molecules?
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Ice is denser than liquid water.
Ice is denser than liquid water.
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What property of water makes it an effective solvent for many substances?
What property of water makes it an effective solvent for many substances?
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What type of molecule has both positive and negative ends?
What type of molecule has both positive and negative ends?
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What property of water allows it to absorb large amounts of heat?
What property of water allows it to absorb large amounts of heat?
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What cooling effect is produced when water absorbs body heat?
What cooling effect is produced when water absorbs body heat?
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What is the attraction between water molecules called?
What is the attraction between water molecules called?
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What is the attraction between water molecules and other surfaces called?
What is the attraction between water molecules and other surfaces called?
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What are single sugar molecules like glucose and fructose called?
What are single sugar molecules like glucose and fructose called?
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What are compounds with the same formula but different structures called?
What are compounds with the same formula but different structures called?
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What type of sugar is found in RNA?
What type of sugar is found in RNA?
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What are two simple sugars bonded together called?
What are two simple sugars bonded together called?
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What is a disaccharide made of glucose and glucose called?
What is a disaccharide made of glucose and glucose called?
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What disaccharide is composed of glucose and fructose and is commonly known as table sugar?
What disaccharide is composed of glucose and fructose and is commonly known as table sugar?
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What disaccharide is composed of glucose and galactose and is found in milk?
What disaccharide is composed of glucose and galactose and is found in milk?
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What are many simple sugars linked together called?
What are many simple sugars linked together called?
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What test is used to detect starch, turning the solution blue-black?
What test is used to detect starch, turning the solution blue-black?
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What structural polysaccharide is found in plant cell walls?
What structural polysaccharide is found in plant cell walls?
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What structural polysaccharide is found in fungi and exoskeletons?
What structural polysaccharide is found in fungi and exoskeletons?
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What storage polysaccharide is found in plants?
What storage polysaccharide is found in plants?
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What storage polysaccharide is found in animals?
What storage polysaccharide is found in animals?
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What is the chemical formula for glucose?
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
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What are fats, oils, and waxes called, and what is their polarity?
What are fats, oils, and waxes called, and what is their polarity?
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What type of lipid makes up cell membranes and has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions?
What type of lipid makes up cell membranes and has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions?
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What is a triglyceride composed of?
What is a triglyceride composed of?
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What are proteins made of, and what is their importance for life?
What are proteins made of, and what is their importance for life?
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What are the building blocks of proteins, and how many types are there?
What are the building blocks of proteins, and how many types are there?
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What are the nine amino acids that the body cannot produce called?
What are the nine amino acids that the body cannot produce called?
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What are the eleven amino acids that the body can produce called?
What are the eleven amino acids that the body can produce called?
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What are proteins that contain all essential amino acids called?
What are proteins that contain all essential amino acids called?
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What are polymers made of nucleotides, including DNA and RNA, called?
What are polymers made of nucleotides, including DNA and RNA, called?
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What are protein catalysts that speed up reactions called?
What are protein catalysts that speed up reactions called?
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What is the energy needed to start a chemical reaction called?
What is the energy needed to start a chemical reaction called?
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What is the loss of enzyme structure due to conditions like extreme temperature or pH called?
What is the loss of enzyme structure due to conditions like extreme temperature or pH called?
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What are the ideal pH and temperature conditions for enzyme activity called?
What are the ideal pH and temperature conditions for enzyme activity called?
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What is the common ending for enzyme names?
What is the common ending for enzyme names?
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What is the manipulated variable in an experiment called, and where is it typically plotted?
What is the manipulated variable in an experiment called, and where is it typically plotted?
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What is the responding variable in an experiment called, and where is it typically plotted?
What is the responding variable in an experiment called, and where is it typically plotted?
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What is a possible explanation or answer to a question called?
What is a possible explanation or answer to a question called?
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What type of experiment compares experimental and control groups?
What type of experiment compares experimental and control groups?
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What is the group that receives the independent variable treatment called?
What is the group that receives the independent variable treatment called?
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What is the group that does not receive the manipulated variable, often receiving a placebo, called?
What is the group that does not receive the manipulated variable, often receiving a placebo, called?
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What standardized system is used for measuring distance, mass, and volume?
What standardized system is used for measuring distance, mass, and volume?
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What unit is used to measure distance, and how many inches are in a meter?
What unit is used to measure distance, and how many inches are in a meter?
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What unit is used to measure liquid volume, and how many ounces are in a liter?
What unit is used to measure liquid volume, and how many ounces are in a liter?
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What unit is used to measure mass, and how many pounds are in a kilogram?
What unit is used to measure mass, and how many pounds are in a kilogram?
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What is the process of combining smaller molecules to form larger ones called?
What is the process of combining smaller molecules to form larger ones called?
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What is the removal of water to combine two molecules called?
What is the removal of water to combine two molecules called?
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What is the process of adding new DNA bases to form strands called?
What is the process of adding new DNA bases to form strands called?
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What is the process of combining amino acids to form proteins called?
What is the process of combining amino acids to form proteins called?
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What are substances necessary for growth and tissue repair called?
What are substances necessary for growth and tissue repair called?
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What is the movement of materials through the body and cells called?
What is the movement of materials through the body and cells called?
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What is the process of releasing energy from organic molecules for cells called?
What is the process of releasing energy from organic molecules for cells called?
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What is the energy produced during cellular respiration called?
What is the energy produced during cellular respiration called?
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What is the process of processing food for use by an organism called?
What is the process of processing food for use by an organism called?
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What is the maintenance of a stable internal environment called?
What is the maintenance of a stable internal environment called?
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What are the chemical activities that sustain life in organisms called?
What are the chemical activities that sustain life in organisms called?
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What is the theory stating all living things are made of cells called?
What is the theory stating all living things are made of cells called?
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What is the cell type without membrane-bound organelles called?
What is the cell type without membrane-bound organelles called?
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What is the protective layer, selectively permeable, and composed of a phospholipid bilayer, called?
What is the protective layer, selectively permeable, and composed of a phospholipid bilayer, called?
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What is the control center of the cell, storing DNA and being the site of replication?
What is the control center of the cell, storing DNA and being the site of replication?
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What organelle is the site of protein synthesis in cells?
What organelle is the site of protein synthesis in cells?
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What part of the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid production and lacks ribosomes?
What part of the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid production and lacks ribosomes?
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What organelle is responsible for detoxifying the body from wastes?
What organelle is responsible for detoxifying the body from wastes?
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What part of the endoplasmic reticulum modifies protein chains and has ribosomes?
What part of the endoplasmic reticulum modifies protein chains and has ribosomes?
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What organelle packages proteins and lipids for transport?
What organelle packages proteins and lipids for transport?
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What are the transport structures that move materials to and from the Golgi apparatus called?
What are the transport structures that move materials to and from the Golgi apparatus called?
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What organelle breaks down old organelles for recycling?
What organelle breaks down old organelles for recycling?
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What organelle is the site of aerobic respiration in cells?
What organelle is the site of aerobic respiration in cells?
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What organelle is the site of photosynthesis and is absent in animal cells?
What organelle is the site of photosynthesis and is absent in animal cells?
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What organelle organizes microtubules during cell division?
What organelle organizes microtubules during cell division?
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What is the cellulose structure that provides support in plant cells called?
What is the cellulose structure that provides support in plant cells called?
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What provides support and transport tracks in cells?
What provides support and transport tracks in cells?
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What type of molecule has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails?
What type of molecule has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails?
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What is the phospholipid bilayer with proteins and sterols called?
What is the phospholipid bilayer with proteins and sterols called?
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What model describes the cell membrane's diverse composition?
What model describes the cell membrane's diverse composition?
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What type of protein provides passage across the cell membrane?
What type of protein provides passage across the cell membrane?
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What type of protein uses ATP to move substances across membranes?
What type of protein uses ATP to move substances across membranes?
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What are lipids that fill gaps between phospholipid tails called?
What are lipids that fill gaps between phospholipid tails called?
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What are carbohydrates attached to lipids in membranes called?
What are carbohydrates attached to lipids in membranes called?
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What is the movement from high to low concentration, requiring no energy called?
What is the movement from high to low concentration, requiring no energy called?
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What is the difference in molecule concentration across regions called?
What is the difference in molecule concentration across regions called?
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What is the movement down a concentration gradient, requiring no energy called?
What is the movement down a concentration gradient, requiring no energy called?
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What is the movement against a concentration gradient, requiring ATP called?
What is the movement against a concentration gradient, requiring ATP called?
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What is the relative solute concentration across a membrane called?
What is the relative solute concentration across a membrane called?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure and Bonding
- Nucleus: The central core of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.
- Protons: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus.
- Neutrons: Neutral particles found in the nucleus.
- Electrons: Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus.
- Atomic Number: The number of protons in an element.
- Atomic Mass: The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
- Ions: Atoms with an unequal number of protons and electrons, carrying a charge.
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
- Valence Electrons: Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom; involved in bonding.
- Covalent Bonds: Bonds formed by sharing electrons between atoms.
- Ionic Bonds: Bonds formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
- Dehydration Synthesis: A chemical reaction where water is removed to form a bond.
- Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction where water is added to break a bond.
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Water Properties:
- Density of Ice: Ice is less dense than liquid water.
- Good Solvent: Water dissolves many substances.
- Polar Molecule: Water has a slightly positive and slightly negative end.
- High Specific Heat: Water absorbs a large amount of heat before changing its temperature.
- Evaporative Cooling: Water absorbs heat during evaporation, causing a cooling effect.
- Cohesion: Water molecules attract each other.
- Adhesion: Water molecules stick to other substances.
Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides: Single sugar molecules (e.g., glucose, fructose).
- Isomers: Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures.
- Ribose: A five-carbon sugar in RNA.
- Deoxyribose: A five-carbon sugar in DNA.
- Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides bonded together (e.g., maltose, sucrose, lactose).
- Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides bonded together (e.g., cellulose, chitin, starch, glycogen).
- Starch: Storage carbohydrate in plants.
- Glycogen: Storage carbohydrate in animals.
- Cellulose: Structural carbohydrate in plant cell walls.
- Chitin: Structural carbohydrate in fungi and exoskeletons.
- Testing for Starch: Lugol's iodine solution turns blue-black with starch.
Lipids
- Lipids: Fats, oils, and waxes; nonpolar molecules.
- Triglycerides: Glycerol bonded to three fatty acids.
- Phospholipids: Amphipathic molecules making up cell membranes.
- Hydrophilic Head: Attracted to water.
- Hydrophobic Tails: Repelled by water.
Proteins
- Proteins: Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- Amino Acids: The building blocks of proteins.
- Essential Amino Acids: Nine amino acids the body cannot produce.
- Non-Essential Amino Acids: Eleven amino acids the body can produce.
- Complete Proteins: Contain all essential amino acids.
- Enzymes: Protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.
- Activation Energy: The energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
- Denaturation: Loss of enzyme structure due to changes in conditions.
- Optimal Conditions: Ideal pH and temperature for enzyme activity.
- -ase Suffix: Often used to name enzymes.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic Acids: Polymers made of nucleotides, including DNA and RNA.
Scientific Method
- Independent Variable: The variable being manipulated in an experiment (x-axis).
- Dependent Variable: The variable being measured in an experiment (y-axis).
- Hypothesis: A possible explanation or answer to a question.
- Controlled Experiment: Comparing an experimental group to a control group.
- Experimental Group: Receives the treatment (independent variable).
- Control Group: Does not receive the treatment.
- Metric System: Standard system of measurement for distance, mass, and volume.
- Meter: Unit of distance.
- Liter: Unit of volume.
- Gram: Unit of mass.
Cell Biology
- Cell Theory: All living things are made of cells.
- Prokaryotes: Cells without membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotes: Cells with membrane-bound organelles.
- Cell Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer, selectively permeable.
- Nucleus: Control center of the cell, stores DNA.
- Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Lipid production.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Modifies proteins, has ribosomes.
- Golgi Apparatus: Packages and transports proteins and lipids.
- Vesicles: Transport structures between organelles.
- Lysosomes: Break down cellular waste.
- Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration (ATP production).
- Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis (only in plant cells).
- Centrioles: Organize microtubules during cell division (mostly animal cells).
- Cell Wall: Rigid structure of cellulose in plant cells.
- Cytoskeleton: Provides structure and transport pathways for the cell.
- Fluid Mosaic Model: Describes the cell membrane's structure.
- Channel Proteins: Allow passage of substances across the membrane.
- Transport Proteins: Use ATP to move substances across the membrane.
- Sterols: Lipids that fill gaps in the phospholipid bilayer.
- Glycolipids: Carbohydrates attached to lipids in cell membranes.
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration (passive transport).
- Concentration Gradient: Difference in concentration of molecules across a region.
- Passive Transport: Movement across a membrane without energy.
- Active Transport: Movement against a concentration gradient using energy.
- Tonicity: Relative solute concentration across a membrane.
General Cellular Processes
- Synthesis: Combining smaller molecules to form larger ones.
- Dehydration Synthesis: Combining molecules by removing water.
- DNA Synthesis: Replication of DNA.
- Protein Synthesis: Production of proteins.
- Nutrition: Substances for growth and repair.
- Transport: Movement of materials in the cell and organism.
- Respiration: Release of energy from organic molecules.
- ATP: Energy currency of the cell.
- Digestion: Breakdown of food.
- Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment.
- Metabolism: All chemical reactions sustaining life.
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Description
Test your knowledge on atomic structure and bonding concepts! This quiz covers essential topics such as the components of an atom, types of bonds, ions, isotopes, and key chemical reactions. Perfect for students of chemistry looking to solidify their understanding of these fundamental principles.
