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Questions and Answers
What are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons called?
What are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons called?
Isotopes
What do you call the number of protons in the nucleus?
What do you call the number of protons in the nucleus?
Atomic number
What is the number of particles (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus called?
What is the number of particles (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus called?
Mass number
What is a positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms called?
What is a positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms called?
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How is the mass of an isotope compared to one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of Carbon-12?
How is the mass of an isotope compared to one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of Carbon-12?
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What is the weighted mean mass of an atom of an element compared to one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of Carbon-12?
What is the weighted mean mass of an atom of an element compared to one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of Carbon-12?
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What is the quantity whose unit is the mole?
What is the quantity whose unit is the mole?
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What is the number of atoms per mole of the Carbon-12 isotope?
What is the number of atoms per mole of the Carbon-12 isotope?
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The amount of any substance containing as many particles as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12g of the Carbon-12 isotope is called what?
The amount of any substance containing as many particles as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12g of the Carbon-12 isotope is called what?
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What is the mass per mole of a substance?
What is the mass per mole of a substance?
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What is a small group of atoms held together by covalent bonds called?
What is a small group of atoms held together by covalent bonds called?
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What is the volume per mole of a gas?
What is the volume per mole of a gas?
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What is the amount of solute (in mol) dissolved per 1dm^3 of solution?
What is the amount of solute (in mol) dissolved per 1dm^3 of solution?
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What is a solution of known concentration?
What is a solution of known concentration?
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What is any type of particle that takes place in a chemical reaction called?
What is any type of particle that takes place in a chemical reaction called?
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What is the molar relationship between the relative quantities of substances taking part in a reaction called?
What is the molar relationship between the relative quantities of substances taking part in a reaction called?
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What does it mean for a crystalline compound to contain water molecules?
What does it mean for a crystalline compound to contain water molecules?
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What does it mean for a substance to contain no water molecules?
What does it mean for a substance to contain no water molecules?
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What refers to water molecules that form an essential part of the crystalline structure of a compound?
What refers to water molecules that form an essential part of the crystalline structure of a compound?
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What is the formula for calculating R.A.M?
What is the formula for calculating R.A.M?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure and Bonding
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons.
- Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
- Mass Number: The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
- Ion: A positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms.
- Relative Isotopic Mass: The mass of an isotope, compared to one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
- Relative Atomic Mass: Average mass of an element's isotopes compared to one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
- Amount of Substance: A quantity measured in moles, used to count atoms.
- Avogadro Constant: The number of atoms in one mole of a substance (6.02 x 1023 mol-1).
- Mole: The amount of substance containing as many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.
- Molar Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance (units: g mol-1).
- Molecule: A group of atoms bonded together by covalent bonds.
- Molar Volume: The volume occupied by one mole of a gas (approximately 24.0 dm3 mol-1 at room temperature and pressure).
Calculations
- Moles (n): n = m/Mr (Mass / Molar Mass)
- Gas Moles (n): n = V(dm3)/24 OR V(cm3)/24000 (Volume / Molar Volume)
- Concentration & Volume Moles (n): n = c x V (in dm3) (Concentration x Volume)
- Ideal Gas Equation: pV = nRT (Pressure x Volume = Moles x Ideal Gas Constant x Temperature)
Chemical Concepts
- % Yield: 100 x (Actual yield in mol / Theoretical yield in mol)
- % Atom Economy: 100 x (Molecular mass of desired product / Sum of molecular masses of all products).
- Acids: Proton donors.
- Bases: Proton acceptors.
- Alkalis: Bases that dissolve in water to form hydroxide ions (OH-).
- Salts: Compounds formed when an acid's hydrogen ion is replaced by a metal ion or another positive ion.
- Cation: Positively charged ion.
- Anion: Negatively charged ion.
- Oxidation Number: A measure of the electrons an atom uses to bond with another element, determined by rules.
- Oxidation: Loss of electrons, increase in oxidation number.
- Reduction: Gain of electrons, decrease in oxidation number.
- Redox Reaction: A reaction involving both oxidation and reduction.
- Reducing Agent: Donates electrons to another species.
- Oxidising Agent: Accepts electrons from another species.
Electronic Structure and Bonding
- Shell: A group of atomic orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n).
- Principal Quantum Number (n): Represents the overall energy of an orbital, increasing with distance from the nucleus.
- Atomic Orbital: Region within an atom that can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spins.
- Sub-shell: Group of atomic orbitals of the same type (s, p, d, f) within a shell.
- Electron Configuration: Arrangement of electrons in an atom.
- Compound: A substance formed from two or more chemically bonded elements in a fixed ratio.
- Ionic Bond: Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- Giant Ionic Lattice: 3D structure of oppositely charged ions held together by strong ionic bonds.
- Group: Vertical column on the Periodic Table; elements in a group have similar chemical properties and have the same number of outer-shell electrons.
- Covalent Bond: Strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms.
- Lone Pair: Outer-shell electrons not involved in bonding.
- Dative Covalent Bond: Shared electron pair provided by only one atom.
- Electronegativity: Measure of an atom's attracting bonded electrons in a covalent bond.
- Permanent Dipole: Small charge difference across a bond due to electronegativity difference.
- Intermolecular Force: Attractive force between neighbouring molecules.
- Permanent Dipole-Dipole Force: Weak attractive force between permanent dipoles.
- London Dispersion Forces: Attractive forces between induced dipoles.
- Hydrogen Bond: Strong dipole-dipole attraction between a highly electronegative atom (O, N, or F) and a hydrogen atom.
- Simple Molecular Lattice: 3D structure of molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces.
Molecular Geometry
- Tetrahedral: 109.5°
- Linear: 180°
- Non-linear (Bent): 104.5°
- Pyramidal: 107°
- Trigonal Planar: 120°
- Octahedral: 90°
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Description
Test your knowledge on atomic structure and bonding concepts. This quiz covers essential topics such as isotopes, atomic number, mass number, and the mole concept. Perfect for students studying chemistry at various levels.
