Atomic Radius Trends in Periodic Table

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Questions and Answers

What strategy did the British employ that significantly impacted Germany during World War I?

  • They directly funded anti-war movements within Germany.
  • They implemented a successful propaganda campaign targeting German soldiers.
  • They launched a large-scale land invasion of Germany.
  • They used their navy to blockade supply ships to Germany. (correct)

What was the primary demand of the 500 women who gathered in front of the German parliament buildings in 1915?

  • Greater political representation for women in the Reichstag.
  • Increased wages for women working in factories.
  • The return of their men from the war front. (correct)
  • An end to food shortages and rationing.

What was the significance of the worker's assembly in Berlin a year after the women's protest?

  • It resulted in the government implementing new social welfare programs.
  • It showed growing discontent with the war and the government. (correct)
  • It demonstrated the workers' unwavering support for the war effort.
  • It led to immediate negotiations for peace with the Allied forces.

Which of the following best describes the state of Germany by 1918?

<p>Germany was on the verge of collapse due to food shortages and a deadly flu epidemic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advice did General Ludendorff give to German politicians in October 1918?

<p>To advise the Kaiser to share power to potentially receive better treatment from the British, French and the Americans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did the Kaiser take in response to General Ludendorff's advice?

<p>He reluctantly allowed the main political parties to form a new government and transferred some of his powers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event triggered the mutiny and revolution in Germany?

<p>The order for the German navy to attack British ships on October 28, 1918. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate impact of the sailors' mutiny?

<p>News of the mutiny spread, leading to further unrest and the establishment of workers' and soldiers' councils. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the mutiny and revolution affect the Kaiser's power?

<p>It led to army generals refusing to support him, resulting in his abdication and exile. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who took over as the leader of Germany on a temporary basis after the Kaiser abdicated?

<p>Friedrich Ebert (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the end of World War I impact the financial situation of Germany?

<p>Germany was left virtually bankrupt, burdened by debt and the cost of war pensions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the war have on German factories?

<p>They were exhausted by the war, focusing on producing war materials instead of goods for trade. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the war affect German society?

<p>It further divided German society, creating resentment and damaging traditional values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did many ex-soldiers and civilians feel betrayed after the war?

<p>They felt Germany could have won the war, and they were betrayed by the politicians who ended it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social consequence did Germany face after WWI regarding families?

<p>The war left 600,000 war widows and two million children without fathers, placing immense strain on society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The economic impact of World War I on Germany can best be described as:

<p>Devastating, leading to hyperinflation, unemployment, and widespread poverty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which political consequence did Germany experience after World War I?

<p>Political instability, mutiny, and revolution, leading to the Kaiser's abdication and the establishment of a republic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended World War I, imposed harsh terms on Germany. How did these terms affect the German economy?

<p>They required Germany to pay substantial reparations, exacerbating the existing economic crisis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After World War I, Germany experienced hyperinflation, which had devastating consequences. What is hyperinflation?

<p>An economic crisis in which the value of money plummets rapidly, leading to soaring prices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lasting impact did World War I have on the public's trust in government and institutions in Germany?

<p>It eroded public trust in government and institutions, creating fertile ground for extremism and political instability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Germany's WWI Shortages

Germany faced shortages of food, medicines, and clothing due to British naval blockades.

German food crisis of 1918

By 1918, Germans were surviving on very little food due to shortages during the war.

General Ludendorff's Advice

A German general who, in October 1918, advised the Kaiser to share power to get better treatment from the British, French and Americans.

Kaiser's concessions

The Kaiser allowed main political parties to form a new government and transferred some of his powers to the Reichstag.

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Kiel Mutiny (Oct 1918)

In Kiel, sailors refused to attack British ships, sparking a wider revolt supported by workers.

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Workers' and Soldiers' Councils

Workers and soldiers formed councils that governed cities across Germany. The army refused to support the Kaiser.

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Kaiser's abdication

On November 9, 1918, the Kaiser abdicated and secretly left Germany, never to return.

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Friedrich Ebert

The leader of Germany's largest political party (SPD) who took Kaiser's place on a temporary basis.

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End of WWI

Germany surrendered on November 11, 1918, ending the war.

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Germany's debt after WWI

Germany had large war debts and had also lent money to its allies, impacting its economic stability.

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Post-war social costs

600,000 war widows and two million children without fathers were left after the war and war pensions would cost the government a fortune.

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Economic Exhaustion

German factories were exhausted by the war and could not produce goods to sell abroad, damaging the economy.

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Economic disparity

Some factory owners profited, while workers faced wage restrictions.

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Women Impacted

Women worked in the factories during the war, which challenged traditional family values in Germany.

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Betrayal perception

Many ex-soldiers and civilians felt betrayed by the politicians who ended the war.

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Germany's situation

Germany had been a stable, rich nation before the war but, now, faced mutiny and revolution.

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Study Notes

  • Atomic radius measures the size of an atom, typically from the nucleus's center to the outermost electron.
  • Precisely measuring atomic radius is challenging due to the electron cloud's indefinite boundary.
  • Atomic radius typically decreases across a period (left to right) and increases down a group in the periodic table.

Across a Period

  • Atomic radius generally decreases moving from left to right across a period.
  • The number of protons increases, raising the effective nuclear charge felt by valence electrons.
  • Greater nuclear charge pulls valence electrons closer, reducing atomic radius.

Down a Group

  • Atomic radius generally increases moving down a group.
  • The number of electron shells increases, extending the distance between valence electrons and the nucleus.
  • Increased distance outweighs the effect of increased nuclear charge, leading to a larger atomic radius.

Other Factors Affecting Atomic Radius

Electron Configuration

  • Electron configuration influences atomic radius.
  • Atoms with half-filled or completely filled electron shells are generally more stable.
  • This increased stability can result in a smaller atomic radius.

Oxidation State

  • Oxidation state affects atomic radius.
  • Losing electrons to form a positive ion causes the remaining electrons to be held more tightly, reducing atomic radius.
  • Gaining electrons to form a negative ion increases electron repulsion, enlarging atomic radius.

Examples of Atomic Radius

  • H (Hydrogen): 37 pm
  • Li (Lithium): 152 pm
  • Na (Sodium): 186 pm
  • K (Potassium): 227 pm
  • Rb (Rubidium): 248 pm
  • Cs (Cesium): 265 pm
  • Fr (Francium): 270 pm
  • F (Fluorine): 71 pm
  • Cl (Chlorine): 99 pm
  • Br (Bromine): 114 pm
  • I (Iodine): 133 pm
  • At (Astatine): 140 pm

Importance of Atomic Radius

  • Atomic radius affects an atom's chemical behavior, including its ability to form bonds and its reactivity.
  • Atomic radius also influences physical properties like melting and boiling points.

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