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Questions and Answers
Which color of light has the longest wavelength?
Which color of light has the longest wavelength?
Violet light has the lowest energy among visible colors.
Violet light has the lowest energy among visible colors.
False
What instrument is used for the precise analysis of light emitted by elements?
What instrument is used for the precise analysis of light emitted by elements?
spectroscope
The distance between two crests or troughs is called the ______.
The distance between two crests or troughs is called the ______.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What phenomenon is used to observe the color emission from heating metal salts?
What phenomenon is used to observe the color emission from heating metal salts?
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Rutherford's nuclear model explains the chemical properties of elements.
Rutherford's nuclear model explains the chemical properties of elements.
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Who developed a model of the atom based on the line spectrum?
Who developed a model of the atom based on the line spectrum?
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What does a quantum of energy represent in relation to electrons?
What does a quantum of energy represent in relation to electrons?
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Electrons move at a slow speed around the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons move at a slow speed around the nucleus of an atom.
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What is the principle proposed by Heisenberg regarding the location of electrons?
What is the principle proposed by Heisenberg regarding the location of electrons?
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The region in space around the nucleus where there is a probability of finding electrons is called __________.
The region in space around the nucleus where there is a probability of finding electrons is called __________.
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Match the scientist with their contribution to the quantum mechanical model of the atom:
Match the scientist with their contribution to the quantum mechanical model of the atom:
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Why do electrons at higher energy levels have an easier time escaping from the atom?
Why do electrons at higher energy levels have an easier time escaping from the atom?
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Schrodinger's calculations provided exact locations for electrons.
Schrodinger's calculations provided exact locations for electrons.
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What effect does increasing the height of the barrier (tinik) in Luksong tinik have on players?
What effect does increasing the height of the barrier (tinik) in Luksong tinik have on players?
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What happens when an electron absorbs energy?
What happens when an electron absorbs energy?
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Electrons can occupy any energy level between quantized states.
Electrons can occupy any energy level between quantized states.
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What is the term for the energy level that an electron normally occupies?
What is the term for the energy level that an electron normally occupies?
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The colors emitted by heated metal salts in flames are due to electrons moving to a higher energy level and then returning to their ______.
The colors emitted by heated metal salts in flames are due to electrons moving to a higher energy level and then returning to their ______.
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In Bohr's model, what do the energy levels of electrons represent?
In Bohr's model, what do the energy levels of electrons represent?
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The light emitted by electrons corresponds to the energy difference between their orbits.
The light emitted by electrons corresponds to the energy difference between their orbits.
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What is released when an electron transitions from an excited state back to its ground state?
What is released when an electron transitions from an excited state back to its ground state?
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What does the term 'atomic orbital' refer to?
What does the term 'atomic orbital' refer to?
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An atomic orbital can accommodate more than two electrons.
An atomic orbital can accommodate more than two electrons.
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What does the notation '1s2' represent in electron configuration?
What does the notation '1s2' represent in electron configuration?
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The _____ diagram shows the distribution of electrons in the orbitals of an atom.
The _____ diagram shows the distribution of electrons in the orbitals of an atom.
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Match the sublevel types with their maximum number of electrons:
Match the sublevel types with their maximum number of electrons:
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Which of the following statements is true regarding energy sublevels?
Which of the following statements is true regarding energy sublevels?
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The main energy level determines the name of the atomic orbital.
The main energy level determines the name of the atomic orbital.
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What is the maximum number of electrons that can be found in a 'p' orbital?
What is the maximum number of electrons that can be found in a 'p' orbital?
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Which principle states that electrons occupy orbitals in order of increasing energy?
Which principle states that electrons occupy orbitals in order of increasing energy?
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Electrons in the same orbital can have the same spin.
Electrons in the same orbital can have the same spin.
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What does the direction of an arrow represent when discussing electrons?
What does the direction of an arrow represent when discussing electrons?
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The quantum mechanical model describes the atom as having a nucleus at the center around which the electrons move and defines the region in space where the electron is most likely to be found, known as its __________.
The quantum mechanical model describes the atom as having a nucleus at the center around which the electrons move and defines the region in space where the electron is most likely to be found, known as its __________.
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Match the following principles with their descriptions:
Match the following principles with their descriptions:
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When is an atom most reactive?
When is an atom most reactive?
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Hund's rule states that when electrons enter a sublevel with multiple orbitals, they prefer to pair up in the same orbital before spreading out.
Hund's rule states that when electrons enter a sublevel with multiple orbitals, they prefer to pair up in the same orbital before spreading out.
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How many energy levels can be labeled using the letters K onward?
How many energy levels can be labeled using the letters K onward?
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Which atomic model is associated with J.J. Thomson?
Which atomic model is associated with J.J. Thomson?
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The atomic model proposed by Neils Bohr is also known as the Billiard-ball model.
The atomic model proposed by Neils Bohr is also known as the Billiard-ball model.
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What is quantized energy?
What is quantized energy?
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The _______ represents the region around the nucleus where the electron is most likely to be found.
The _______ represents the region around the nucleus where the electron is most likely to be found.
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What is the role of light in making objects visible?
What is the role of light in making objects visible?
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In quantum mechanics, energy levels can take on any value.
In quantum mechanics, energy levels can take on any value.
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What is the highest point of a wave called?
What is the highest point of a wave called?
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Study Notes
Atomic Models
- Atoms are composed of smaller particles, including protons, neutrons, and electrons
- The early model of the atom (Dalton) pictured atoms as tiny, solid balls.
- The plum pudding model (Thomson) proposed atoms as a positively charged sphere with negatively charged particles scattered throughout.
- Rutherford's model, based on the gold foil experiment, described an atom with a small, dense, positively charged nucleus and electrons orbiting around it. This model was mostly empty space.
- Bohr's model refined Rutherford's model, suggesting electrons move in specific energy levels or orbits around the nucleus.
- The quantum mechanical model of the atom describes electrons as being in orbitals, volumes of space where the probability of finding an electron is high
- The Quantum Mechanics model views an electron as a cloud of negative charge in a certain geometric shape.
Atomic Structure
- Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of the atom.
- Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit around the nucleus and are much smaller than protons.
- Neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus.
Energy Levels and Sublevels
- Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels or shells, corresponding to a fixed amount of energy.
- These energy levels are further divided into sublevels (s, p, d, f) with different shapes and capacities for electrons.
- For each energy level, there are sublevels. The principle energy levels or shells are denoted by the principal quantum number n, with shells corresponding to 1,2,3 etc.
- Each has a maximum number of electrons
- s sublevel can hold a maximum of 2 electrons
- p sublevel can hold a maximum of 6 electrons
- d sublevel can hold a maximum of 10 electrons
- f sublevel can hold a maximum of 14 electrons
- The way in which electrons are distributed in the different orbitals around the nucleus is called electron configuration
- The electron configuration of an element is determined by the Aufbau principle (electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy), Hund's rule of multiplicity (electrons spread out into available orbitals before pairing up) and the Pauli exclusion principle (electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins.)
The Relationships Between Electrons and Atoms
- Electrons can absorb energy and jump to higher energy levels (excited state)
- Electrons return to a lower energy level by releasing energy (in the form of light)
- The energy absorbed or released by an electron corresponds to varying wavelengths, resulting in different colours of light.
Flame Tests
- Metal salts emit specific colors when heated in a flame.
- The color of the flame is determined by the electrons in the metal atoms absorbing energy and jumping to higher energy levels, then releasing that energy as light, and the corresponding wavelengths of different colours.
Fireworks
- Fireworks use various metal salts to produce different colors.
- The color corresponds to the light released by electrons in the metal salts reaching different energy levels.
Quantum Numbers
- Quantum numbers describe specific properties of electrons in atoms, such as energy level, shape, and orientation of orbitals
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Description
Explore the evolution of atomic models from Dalton's solid sphere to the quantum mechanical model. This quiz covers key concepts like protons, neutrons, and electron arrangements, highlighting groundbreaking experiments and theories in atomic physics.
