Atomic and Electronic Structure Quiz

To measure the resistance of a metal to permanent plastic deformation.

Electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Ductile fractures involve significant plastic deformation, while brittle fractures exhibit little or no plastic deformation.

<p>Stable elements have completely filled valence shells, reducing their tendency to participate in chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It uses a square pyramid indenter and measures the length of the diagonal of the indentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cracks propagate due to the sharpness of the crack tip, and in plastic materials, the tip blunts with deformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electronegativity increases from left to right and from bottom to top.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons from metals to non-metals, resulting in the formation of charged ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rockwell B uses a ball indenter for soft materials, while Rockwell C employs a diamond cone for harder materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Material testing determines the physical and mechanical properties of materials under various conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tensile testing measures the maximum stress that can be applied to material before it permanently deforms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In covalent bonding, atoms with similar electronegativities share their valence electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrete energy states refer to the specific energy levels that electrons can occupy in an atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To simulate real life service conditions, check product quality, verify designs, and ensure proper manufacturing techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Torsion Only and Axial-Torsion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Twisting the specimen until it either physically breaks or shows a kink/defect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proof testing involves applying a torsional load and holding it for a fixed amount of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metals, plastics, and composites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexural strength is the stress required to fracture a specimen in a bend test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is calculated from the results of a bend test, providing the slope of the stress-deflection curve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To test complete assemblies or products to verify their performance under torsional loads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic strain energy is the energy stored in a material as it is elastically deformed, and it is released when a crack propagates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ductile fracture involves plastic deformation prior to fracture and is characterized by extensive necking and a stable crack propagation process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key steps are necking, void nucleation, coalescence of cavities, crack propagation, and eventual fracture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brittle fracture occurs with little to no plastic deformation and propagates rapidly and unstably, whereas ductile fracture involves significant plasticity and stable propagation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intergranular fracture can be caused by elemental depletion at grain boundaries or weakening due to chemical attack or oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transgranular fracture occurs through the repeated breaking of atomic bonds along specific planes within the grains of brittle materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fracture mechanics studies the relationships between material properties, stress levels, crack-producing flaws, and crack propagation mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toughness is a material's ability to absorb energy without fracturing, while fracture toughness specifically measures a material's resistance to crack propagation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It measures the energy absorbed by a standard notched specimen while breaking under an impact load.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Izod test uses a cantilevered beam configuration to hold the sample, while Charpy uses a three-point bending configuration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Notching a specimen helps in determining the impact energy and notch sensitivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is named after the method's origin, given by its developer, which is used to evaluate impact effects without measuring energy absorbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fracture, deformation, or the formation of a crack can all be considered as failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is commonly used as an economical quality control method to determine notch sensitivity and impact toughness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In these tests, the energy measurement indicates the material's toughness and its ability to withstand impacts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Charpy impact test can evaluate metals, composites, ceramics, and polymers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic tear testing is for specimens less than 5/8&quot; thick, while drop-weight impact testing is for thicker specimens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the lifespan a material can endure under cyclic loading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It applies a pre-determined stress to the sample, then unloads either to zero load or an opposite load.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The metal composition, protective treatments, and the surrounding environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue life is the total number of cycles a material can endure under a given loading scheme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue strength and crack resistance are commonly sought values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loading conditions include tension, compression, bending, and torsion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sample undergoes repeated cycles of loading and unloading until it fails or reaches the test limit.</p> Signup and view all the answers