34 Questions
Which layer of the atmosphere exhibits a temperature inversion?
Stratosphere
What is the principal cause of the ionization reactions in the thermosphere?
Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun
Which layer of the atmosphere is responsible for filtering out harmful UV-B radiation?
Stratosphere
Which of the following statements about the troposphere is true?
It is well-mixed due to convection currents
What is the approximate temperature range in the mesosphere?
180-275 K
Which of the following reactions occurs in the thermosphere due to UV radiation?
$N_2 + hv (80 ,nm) \rightarrow N_2^+ + e^-$
What is the approximate altitude range of the mesosphere?
50-85 km
Which layer of the atmosphere experiences a stable region with less convective mixing?
Stratosphere
What is the principal species found in the thermosphere near vacuum conditions?
Ions (ionosphere)
At which region of the atmosphere do temperatures increase significantly with altitude?
Thermosphere
Which layer of the atmosphere constitutes the majority of the total mass of the atmosphere?
Troposphere
What is the temperature range in the stratosphere?
$180 - 275$ K
Which layer of the atmosphere has a chemical composition mainly consisting of O2 and N2?
Stratosphere
At which altitude does the temperature decrease to approximately $-90$ degrees C?
$50 - 85$ km
What is the primary mechanism for the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)?
H abstraction or HO addition
What is the ultimate stable product formed from the oxidation of VOCs?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
Which of the following is an example of a gaseous organic pollutant?
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
What is the threshold limit value (TLV) for nitric acid (HNO3) exposure?
2 ppm
Which of the following heavy metals is known to cause kidney and nerve damage?
Both (a) and (b)
What is the primary reason for the increased toxicity of alkyl metal compounds compared to their inorganic counterparts?
They can penetrate cell membranes more easily
Which of the following heavy metals is used by detoxifying enzymes in the body?
Selenium (Se) and manganese (Mn)
What is the primary use of hydrofluoric acid (HF) mentioned in the text?
Manufacturing semiconductors and silicon chips
Which of the following heavy metals is known to interfere with the metabolism of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)?
Cadmium (Cd)
What is the primary use of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) mentioned in the text?
Manufacturing fertilizers and batteries
Which of the following is the most toxic form of chromium?
Chromium(VI)
What is the primary cause of Minamata disease?
Ingestion of methylmercury-contaminated fish
Which of the following is a primary use of cadmium?
Production of pigments and stabilizers for plastics
What is the primary target of cadmium toxicity?
Kidneys, due to the role of metallothionein
Which of the following is a primary use of organotin compounds?
Antifouling paints for ships
Which type of ionizing radiation is the most penetrating?
Gamma rays
Which of the following radionuclides is known to cause thyroid cancer?
Iodine-131 (I-131)
What is the primary mechanism by which lead causes anemia?
Both inhibition of heme synthesis and destruction of RBCs
Which of the following is a primary anthropogenic source of lead in the environment?
Waste from high-temperature processes in various industries
Which of the following is a primary target of mercury toxicity?
Nervous system
Test your knowledge on the different regions of the atmosphere including the Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Thermosphere. Learn about the temperature ranges, characteristics, and compositions of each layer.
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