Atmospheric Circulation and Hummingbirds
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Atmospheric Circulation and Hummingbirds

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Questions and Answers

What causes temperature to drop at higher altitudes?

  • Decreased distance from the equator
  • Increased atmospheric pressure
  • Absence of sunlight
  • Constant decrease of 6° every 1000m increase (correct)
  • How do rain shadow effects create deserts?

  • Mountains block moisture from reaching the plains (correct)
  • Ocean currents supply excess moisture to the land
  • Rain clouds are always formed above mountains
  • High temperatures evaporate water in the mountains
  • What is a characteristic of maritime climate?

  • Complete isolation from ocean effects
  • Influence from wind crossing nearby ocean currents (correct)
  • Lack of precipitation throughout the year
  • Extreme temperature variations between day and night
  • What primarily drives the movement of ocean currents?

    <p>Rotational forces of the Earth and wind patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do deserts commonly form based on atmospheric circulation?

    <p>At 30° N and S of the equator due to descending dry air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ocean currents play in coastal regions?

    <p>They moderate temperature and affect moisture conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor that affects the sea level difference between the equator and the poles?

    <p>Water density changes with temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does convergent evolution occur among organisms in specific biomes?

    <p>Similar environmental challenges lead to similar adaptations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that hummingbirds enter a torpid state at night?

    <p>To conserve energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature does the West Indian Hummingbird lower its body temperature during torpor?

    <p>20°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following wind cells is responsible for low latitude overturning circulations?

    <p>Hadley cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the equator's temperature affect rainfall patterns?

    <p>Higher temperatures result in more moisture absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does adiabatic cooling have on air?

    <p>Reduces temperature without heat loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which winds blow between the equator and the horse latitudes?

    <p>Trade winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Coriolis Effect primarily caused by?

    <p>The Earth's rotation on its axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of sea currents influence rainfall?

    <p>They affect local temperature variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of soil is typically found in the sandstone derived habitats?

    <p>Course grained and nutrient poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plant types is most abundant in the fynbos region?

    <p>Protea-like shrubs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fire benefit the fynbos ecosystem?

    <p>It allows for competitive advantages for seedling growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal behavior assists in the dispersal of seeds within the fynbos ecosystem?

    <p>Ants transporting seeds into their burrows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of plant species in the region exhibits endemism?

    <p>68%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do 'elaiosomes' play in the fynbos ecosystem?

    <p>They aid in seed dispersal by ants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of shale/granite derived habitats compared to sandstone habitats?

    <p>Higher nutrient levels and good water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT considered an abiotic factor affecting the fynbos ecosystem?

    <p>Soil nutrient levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily distinguishes tropical rain forests from tropical deciduous forests?

    <p>Deciduous trees dropping leaves in winter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the biodiversity found in tropical rain forests?

    <p>High temperatures throughout the year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of tropical montane forests?

    <p>Growth of epiphytes due to high humidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does dust play in savanna ecosystems?

    <p>Shift of biomes leading to extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environment is characterized by an average rainfall of less than 25 cm yearly?

    <p>Deserts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the tropical rain forests in Africa from those in South America?

    <p>Higher biodiversity among mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species are essential for the survival of many other species in ecosystems like the tropical rain forests?

    <p>Keystone species such as fig trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to grasses in savanna regions during the dry season?

    <p>They become dormant and die back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant environmental factor affecting the Succulent Karoo biome?

    <p>Limited annual rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is true for the Namakaroo Biome?

    <p>It has seasonal rainfall associated with migratory patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant strategy is typical in the Succulent Karoo biome?

    <p>Seeds require a rain droplet for dispersal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does fire play in the Savanna biome?

    <p>It supports the balance between grasses and trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vegetation is predominantly found in the Grassland biome?

    <p>Grasses and geophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which season does the Savanna biome experience the highest rainfall?

    <p>Summer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does high altitude have in the Grassland biome?

    <p>Allows for a wide range of temperature fluctuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biomes is the second largest in RSA?

    <p>Nama Karoo Biome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Torpor in Hummingbirds

    • Hummingbirds enter a temporary dormant state called torpor to conserve energy when environmental temperatures drop.
    • This state reduces energy consumption by up to 80% as body temperature lowers from 40°C to 20°C.

    Atmospheric Circulation Patterns

    • The troposphere is divided into regions of closed wind circulations by three distinct wind cells: Hadley cells, Ferrell cells, and polar cells.
    • Warm air from the equator descends around 30° latitude, where Hadley cells end, preventing warm air from reaching the poles.

    Trade Winds

    • Easterly winds blowing between the equator and horse latitudes.
    • Blow from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere.
    • Named "trade" in the 18th century due to their role in facilitating commerce across the Atlantic.

    Hadley Cells

    • Low latitude overturning circulations with air rising at the equator and sinking at around 30° latitude.
    • Responsible for trade winds in the tropics and influencing low latitude weather patterns.
    • Solar radiation heats the equator, generating water vapor that rises into the atmosphere.
    • This cycle of hot and cold water results in adiabatic cooling, leading to precipitation.
    • The equator experiences high rainfall due to the release of water vapor as warm, moist air cools.

    Coriolis Effect

    • The Earth's rotation causes deflection of air and wind, known as the Coriolis effect.

    Variation in Rainfall

    • The Earth's surface is not uniform, with varying sea currents and temperatures.
    • Hot ocean currents flow from the equator to polar regions (vice versa for cold currents).

    Latitude vs. Altitude

    • Mountains experience similar biomes as those at matching latitudes.
    • Temperature drops 6°C for every 1000m increase in altitude, equivalent to an 880km shift in latitude.

    Coastal Regions: Rain Shadow Effect

    • Mountains affect weather patterns by blocking rain clouds and creating a dry environment on their leeward side.
    • Once precipitation forms, clouds can move over and cross mountains, becoming dry and removing moisture from the environment.

    Factors Influencing Biomes

    • Deserts are often found at 30° N + S of the equator due to descending dry air masses.
    • Cold ocean currents along coastlines contribute to dry conditions next to continents.
    • High mountain ranges create rain shadow effects within the interiors of continents.

    Coastal Regions

    • Ocean currents moderate temperatures along seacoasts, with breeze patterns shifting between land and sea throughout the day and night.
    • Continental climates are not moderated by distant oceans, while maritime climates are influenced by nearby ocean currents and winds.

    Biomes

    • Climatically defined collections of organisms with a characteristic appearance and widespread distribution.
    • Similar types of organisms form communities within these biomes.
    • Convergent evolution occurs within biomes, resulting in organisms adapting to specific environments.

    Ocean Currents

    • Water expands as it warms, creating a higher sea level at the equator compared to the poles.
    • This gravitational difference drives surface water movement.
    • Trade winds and temperature westerlies contribute to surface water flow.
    • Earth's rotation, landmass positions, and ocean basin shapes influence current direction and movement.
    • Warm currents flow away from the equator, pushed by trade winds.
    • Warm currents are faster and shallower compared to cold currents.

    Climograph

    • Represents the relationship between precipitation and temperature, highlighting the distinction between different biomes and their unique weather patterns.

    Tropical Rain Forests

    • Distributed equally around the equator, with high rainfall and humidity.
    • Home to half of terrestrial life.
    • Keystone species, such as fig trees, are crucial for the survival of other species within the rainforest ecosystem.

    Types of Tropical Rain Forests

    • Tropical rain forests: annual rainfall exceeding 250cm, mean temperature above 25°C, humidity above 80%.
    • Tropical deciduous forests: occur in areas with winter droughts, leading to leaf drop.
    • Tropical montane forests/cloud forests: found at high altitudes in tropics, characterized by low temperatures, high humidity, and cloud cover.

    Africa Tropical Rainforests

    • Drier than South American rainforests, with distinct ecological niches within the canopy.

    Asia Tropical Rainforests

    • Mixture of emigrated species with increased precipitation.
    • Common epiphytes, including parasitic species, and flying animals adapted for gliding.

    South America Neotropics Tropical Rainforests

    • Relatively new area with similar niches and fauna to other tropical rainforests.

    Savannas

    • Located adjacent to tropical deciduous forests, characterized by grasslands with scattered trees.
    • Seasonal rainfall, with a long dry season.
    • Large herbivores and predators are prevalent.
    • Dust plays a role in expanding savanna biomes.

    Deserts

    • Receive less than 25 cm of rainfall annually.
    • Hot deserts occur near 30° latitude due to descending dry air masses.
    • Nutrient-poor soils derived from sandstone and shale/granite are influenced by factors such as wind, fire, and rainfall patterns.

    Deserts: Flowers

    • Exhibit unique adaptations to survive arid conditions, including:
      • Protea-like shrubs with large, leathery leaves.
      • Erica-like plants with fine leaves.
      • Reed-like Restio plants providing shelter for animals.
      • Bulbous plants with fire-stimulated flowering.

    Deserts: Species

    • High vegetation diversity supports a large number of amphibian species.
    • Species richness increases with increasing surface area.

    Deserts: Diversity and Endemism

    • Coverage: 90,000 km²
    • Plant species: 8,200
    • High endemism levels:
      • 68% species
      • 20% genera
      • 6 endemic families

    Deserts: Fire

    • Plants exhibit two fire survival strategies:
      • Resprout: survive as adults and produce new growth from protected buds.
      • Reseeders: rely on seeds to recolonize after fire.
    • Serotiny: seeds are retained in cones and released after fire, spread by wind.
    • Ants disperse seeds through myrmecochory, which involves elaiosomes (fatty substances on seeds attracting ants).

    Renosterveld

    • Dominated by the daisy family.
    • Large diversity of grasses and animals.
    • Soil, fire, and wind dispersal influence its ecosystem.

    Succulent Karoo Biome (Namaqualand)

    • Winter rainfall (20-290mm) with hot, dry summers.
    • Dominated by succulents, dwarf shrubs, and geophytes.
    • Endemic reptiles, low biomass, and no fires.
    • Similarities with fynbos due to winter rainfall and high species diversity.

    Succulent Karoo Biome: Ecology

    • Unique desert flora with short lifespans and high turnover.
    • Plants are adapted to survive short periods of dehydration and frost.
    • Examples include stone plants and plants with spring-like mechanisms that release seeds after water droplet contact.

    Nama Karoo Biome

    • Located on the central plateau in South Africa, with summer rainfall (100-520mm).
    • Second largest biome, with low rainfall and 18-year cycles associated with springbok migration.
    • Dominated by grasses and drought-resistant shrubs.
    • Semi-arid environment.

    Savanna Biome

    • Covers 46% of South Africa, with complex delimiting environmental factors.
    • Summer rainfall (235-1000mm) and varying altitudes (2000m).
    • Grasses and scattered trees form a mosaic landscape.
    • Strong seasonality drives fire regimes and high biomass production.
    • Important for large herbivores and predators.

    Grassland Biome

    • Found in high-lying areas of central South Africa.
    • Summer rainfall (450-1200mm), temperature fluctuations, and high altitudes.
    • Lack of trees due to frost, fire, and grazing pressure.
    • High biodiversity, with grasses and geophytes as dominant plant life.

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