Geography June exam P1 (Medium)

What is the primary source of energy for the Earth's atmosphere?

Which of the following is NOT a store within the atmosphere?

What is a role of non-gases within the atmosphere?

Which process results in moisture being released back into space or returned to Earth's surface?

What do constant gases in the atmosphere refer to?

What does INcoming SOLar RadiATION represent in the atmosphere's inputs?

What is the primary function of the atmosphere mentioned in the text?

Which gas in the atmosphere contributes to the greenhouse effect but can lead to global warming at increased levels?

In which layer of the atmosphere does the temperature increase with altitude due to absorption of UV radiation?

Which component of the atmosphere primarily protects against harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun?

What is the primary source of Earth's heat energy according to the text?

Which gas, although non-reactive, is mentioned in the text as being essential for plant growth?

Which layer of the atmosphere is characterized by all weather processes occurring within it?

What causes daily (diurnal) temperature changes on Earth according to the text?

Which gas in the atmosphere is responsible for protecting against harmful ultraviolet radiation but can be negatively impacted by pollutants like CFCs?

Which layer of the atmosphere is identified as the coldest where meteors burn up and noctilucent clouds form?

What is the primary process that facilitates the transfer of heat through direct contact?

Why does temperature generally decrease with altitude in the troposphere?

Which factor significantly affects temperatures of nearby land areas by either raising or lowering them?

What is the primary role of liquid water in the atmosphere?

In which physical state is water found in snowflakes and ice crystals?

Which process involves the direct shift from solid ice to gaseous water vapor?

Why is ocean proximity significant for coastal regions in moderating temperatures?

'Enhanced salination' mentioned refers to what environmental impact?

What significant impact can increased greenhouse gases have on natural habitats?

What is the primary concern associated with an 'enhanced greenhouse effect'?

What determines the crystal size within igneous rocks?

How do sedimentary rocks form?

What process does metamorphic rock undergo?

Which intrusive igneous body is typically horizontal?

What characterizes sedimentary rock landforms?

Which theory proposed the idea of continental drift?

What evidence supports the theory of continental drift?

"Lystrosaurus" fossils are used as evidence for...

What drives the movement of tectonic plates?

Which layer of the Earth plays a significant role in shaping landscapes?

What is one of the immediate impacts of earthquakes mentioned in the text?

Why do developing countries often suffer greater devastation from earthquakes according to the text?

What is a significant health and safety risk mentioned in relation to earthquakes?

How do developed countries differ from developing countries in terms of infrastructure and preparedness for earthquakes?

What is a consequence of the disruption of water, gas, and electricity supplies following an earthquake?

What do tight spacing between isobars on a synoptic weather map indicate?

Which satellite spectrum is useful for observing cloud structures, cold fronts, and thunderstorms during the day?

What is the Earth's outermost solid layer where we live known as?

What marks the boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle?

Which layer of the Earth is composed of solid but plastic-like rock capable of flow?

What is the liquid layer beneath the mantle primarily composed of nickel and iron?

At what approximate depth is the mantle located beneath the Earth's crust?

What percentage of all Earth's water is stored in the oceans?

What process in the water cycle involves water molecules transitioning from liquid to vapor?

Which type of cloud can lead to thunderstorms?

What is the term for the measure of the current amount of water vapor relative to the maximum possible at the same temperature?

How is hail typically generated?

What environmental mechanism of rainfall is driven by the heating of the Earth's surface?

In which type of clouds does precipitation often occur?

What is the primary cause of earthquakes?

Which seismic waves move the ground up and down and sideways, but only through solids?

What are block mountains formed between?

Which landform is created by fault movements where a depressed block is formed?

Which factor leads to the formation of reverse faults or folds?

What is the primary difference between Primary Waves (P-waves) and Secondary Waves (S-waves)?

What is a notable example of a fold mountain mentioned in the text?

'Horsts' are associated with which of the following geological features?

'Tourism' is a significant human activity associated with which type of landscape?

What role do rivers flowing through mountains play in human activity?

What type of plate margin is characterized by plates moving apart and forming new crust?

Which type of plate margin involves an oceanic plate subducting under a continental plate?

What geological process is responsible for the formation of fold mountains like the Himalayas?

Which type of fold is characterized by limbs that are nearly horizontal?

What is the primary method for preparing and managing volcanic threats effectively?

Why are sedimentary rocks most prone to folding?

In which type of plate margin do plates slide past each other without creating or destroying crust?

What type of gases are mentioned in the text as part of the atmosphere's composition?

What is the primary role of moisture in the atmosphere according to the text?

Which process contributes to the release of heat back into space as mentioned in the text?

What is a significant function of non-gases within the atmosphere based on the information provided?

Which phenomenon results in moisture being either released back into space or returning to Earth's surface?

What is a key output from the atmosphere that is emitted through processes like photosynthesis as per the text?

What is the primary role of the natural greenhouse effect on Earth?

Why do coastal regions typically experience more moderated temperatures compared to inland areas?

What process results in the transformation of liquid water into water vapor?

How does radiation facilitate the transfer of energy from the Earth to the atmosphere?

What causes temperature generally to decrease with altitude in the troposphere?

How does convection facilitate the movement of heat in the atmosphere and oceans?

What is the primary impact of rising sea levels on coastal and low-lying regions?

What are snowflakes, hail, or ice crystals made of in colder climates and high altitudes?

Which process bypasses the liquid phase by directly shifting from solid ice to gaseous water vapor?

How do ocean currents influence temperatures of nearby land areas?

What percentage of all Earth's water is stored in the oceans?

What percentage of freshwater resources is distributed among ice caps, glaciers, groundwater, soil moisture, and rivers?

In the hydrological cycle, what is primarily responsible for the transition of water molecules from liquid to vapor?

Which type of clouds are described as tall, dark clouds that can lead to thunderstorms?

What is the term for the process where condensed water droplets coalesce in clouds and fall due to gravity?

'Relative humidity' is a measure of the current amount of water vapor relative to what?

Which environmental mechanism induces precipitation by forcing moist winds upward over terrain?

'Stratus' clouds are low, flat clouds that can lead to what type of weather?

'Frost' occurs when dew or atmospheric moisture freezes due to what condition?

'Hail' is generated in cumulonimbus clouds due to cycles of water droplets until they grow too heavy and do what?

What is the role of isobars on synoptic weather maps?

How do tight isobar spacing on a synoptic weather map affect wind conditions?

Which spectrum of satellite imagery is critical for night-time meteorology?

What do circular patterns of isobars on synoptic weather maps represent?

Where does the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) mark the boundary?

Which layer of the Earth is composed of solid but plastic-like rock?

What is the composition of the Earth's Outer Core primarily made of?

Why is satellite technology crucial in modern meteorology?

What is the primary function of isobars on synoptic weather maps?

What do symbols for temperature, dew point, cloud cover, wind direction, and speed provide on synoptic maps?

What type of rocks are typically characterized by caves, springs, and aquifers?

What is the main factor determining crystal size within igneous rocks?

Which structure is formed when magma fills and solidifies in cracks across existing rock layers?

What evidence supports the theory of continental drift?

Which process involves the alteration of mineral composition and structure of existing rocks?

What type of rock is characterized by residual landforms known as tors?

What is the primary process involved in forming sedimentary rocks?

Which type of intrusive body is characterized by large masses of igneous rock deep below the Earth's surface?

What is the driving force behind the movement of tectonic plates?

What landform is created by magma intrusion between rock layers causing uplift?

Why is the ozone layer crucial for Earth?

Which gas contributes to the greenhouse effect and is crucial for photosynthesis?

What is the primary function of the troposphere?

Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?

What is the primary role of oxygen in the atmosphere?

What causes the temperature to decrease with altitude in the troposphere?

How does carbon dioxide impact global warming?

Which layer of the atmosphere is characterized by meteors burning up and noctilucent clouds forming?

What geological processes lead to the formation of block mountains (horsts) between faults?

Which type of seismic waves are responsible for rolling the ground similarly to ocean waves?

What is the primary role of rivers flowing through mountains in human activities?

What is the primary cause of earthquakes that result from rocks sliding past each other?

Where do earthquake waves originate within the Earth?

What is the primary geological process responsible for the formation of rift valleys (grabens)?

Which type of Earth's crustal movements lead to reverse faults or folds?

In what way do earthquakes significantly affect human activities?

What is the primary impact of undersea disturbances like earthquakes on coastal regions?

What makes fold mountains like the Alps suitable for terrace farming?

What is one of the immediate impacts of earthquakes mentioned in the text?

Why do developing countries often suffer greater devastation from earthquakes according to the text?

What is a common impact on health and safety highlighted in the text following an earthquake?

How do developed countries differ from developing countries in terms of earthquake impacts?

Which aspect highlights a significant difference between developed and developing countries' earthquake responses?

How are fold mountains primarily formed?

Which type of plate margin involves magma rising and solidifying to form new crust?

What geological activity is often associated with destructive plate margins?

How do synclines differ from anticlines in terms of their folding structures?

What geological processes shape the Earth's crust through the movements of tectonic plates?

What is the primary geologic feature created by a recumbent fold?

Under what conditions does an overfold typically form?

How do synclines differ from monoclines in their folding structures?

Which type of fold is characterized by limbs that are nearly horizontal?

What type of geological activity is associated with collision margins?

What kind of particles from space and the Earth are included as inputs into the atmosphere?

Which of the following is considered a store within the atmosphere system?

What is released back into space or returned to the Earth's surface as outputs from the atmosphere?

How is heat energy primarily transferred to the atmosphere from the Earth's surface?

Why do mountain peaks near the equator remain snow-capped despite being at high altitudes?

What is a significant consequence of enhanced greenhouse gases on global temperatures?

In which state does water exist when it is transformed from liquid to gaseous form directly?

What role does convection play in transferring heat within the atmosphere and oceans?

How are coastal regions' temperatures moderated compared to inland areas?

Why does temperature generally decrease with altitude in the troposphere?

What is the primary function of liquid water in the atmosphere with regard to weather processes?

Which process leads to the direct transformation of absorbed short-wave solar radiation into long-wave infrared radiation?

Why are ocean currents significant in impacting land temperatures?

What is a common immediate impact of earthquakes according to the text?

How do developed countries differ from developing countries in terms of earthquake preparedness?

What is one of the health and safety risks mentioned as an immediate impact of earthquakes?

Why may developing countries suffer greater devastation from earthquakes compared to developed countries?

What impact does an earthquake have on infrastructure according to the text?

What is the primary function of the ozone layer within the atmosphere?

Why is carbon dioxide considered crucial in the atmosphere despite its low concentration?

Which atmospheric layer has the characteristic of increasing temperature with altitude?

What primarily causes temperature variations over space on Earth?

Why are nitrous gases like argon and helium mentioned in the composition of the atmosphere?

How do daily (diurnal) temperature changes occur on Earth according to the text?

What is a key role played by non-gases within the atmosphere?

What happens to solar radiation that is scattered by atmospheric molecules?

What distinguishes the thermosphere from other atmospheric layers?

What characterizes the troposphere in terms of weather processes and temperature?

What role do synoptic weather maps and satellite imagery play in modern meteorology?

Why is tight spacing between isobars on a synoptic weather map significant?

What is the main purpose of the visible spectrum in satellite imagery according to the text?

Which layer of the Earth is composed of solid but plastic-like rock?

What is the liquid layer beneath the mantle primarily composed of?

What is the main function of the Earth's crust in relation to the lithosphere?

How do satellites aid in large area monitoring according to the text?

Why does the inner core of the Earth remain solid despite extreme heat?

What is represented by wide spacing between isobars on a synoptic weather map?

Why is satellite technology crucial for weather forecasting?

What percentage of Earth's total water resources does freshwater constitute?

What marks the transformation of water vapor back into liquid or solid forms within clouds?

What type of clouds are high-altitude, thin, wispy clouds that often indicate an approaching cold front?

What type of precipitation occurs when condensed water droplets coalesce in clouds and fall due to gravity?

What environmental mechanism of rainfall is driven by the heating of the Earth's surface?

What is the measure of the current amount of water vapor relative to the maximum possible at the same temperature?

In which process does water vapor freeze into crystals within cold clouds?

What do tight spacing between isobars on a synoptic weather map indicate?

What marks the boundary between the Earth's outermost solid layer and the mantle?

What occurs when moist winds are forced upward by terrain, cooling and condensing to form precipitation on windward slopes?

What is the primary cause of earthquakes discussed in the text?

Which type of fault is characterized by rocks being pushed together?

What landform is associated with elevated blocks formed between faults?

What type of seismic waves are the fastest, squeezing or stretching the ground?

What is the process that involves undersea earthquakes lifting or lowering the ocean floor?

What measurement scale quantifies the energy released by an earthquake?

What type of earthquakes are categorized as capable of causing serious to catastrophic damage?

What do surface waves do that makes them destructive?

What is the primary role of seismographs in relation to earthquakes?

What geological process leads to the formation of rift valleys (grabens)?

What type of plate margin results in the formation of new crust and mid-ocean ridges?

Which type of fold is characterized by a simple, step-like fold where rock layers are tilted in one direction?

What geological process gives rise to fold mountains such as the Himalayas?

At what type of plate margin does an oceanic plate subduct under a continental plate?

Which type of geological boundary is characterized by plates moving apart?

What is the primary mechanism behind the formation of folds in rock layers?

Which type of fold is characterized by limbs that are nearly horizontal and forms under very high pressure?

In which scenario do two continental plates collide, pushing material upward to form mountain ranges?

What type of geological activity is triggered by an oceanic plate subducting under a continental plate?

Which type of plate boundary involves plates sliding past each other without creating or destroying crust?

What is the primary source of energy for the Earth's atmosphere?

Which of the following is NOT included in the stores within the atmosphere as per the text?

What do particles from volcanic eruptions, soil erosion, and other sources contribute to the atmosphere?

Which of the following is an output from the atmosphere as discussed in the text?

What role do non-gases like dust, salt, and smoke particles play within the atmosphere?

How is moisture released from the atmosphere back into space or returned to Earth's surface?

What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the atmosphere?

Which gas in the atmosphere contributes to the greenhouse effect but at increased levels can lead to global warming?

What characterizes the troposphere layer of the atmosphere?

Which component of the atmosphere is mostly inert but essential for plant growth?

What is the primary source of Earth's heat energy according to the text?

Which layer of the atmosphere experiences the highest temperatures due to ultraviolet radiation absorption?

What plays a critical role in maintaining Earth's temperature and weather patterns?

What causes daily temperature changes on Earth due to rotating on its axis?

What is another term for daily temperature changes on Earth?

Which layer of the atmosphere is characterized by meteors burning up and noctilucent clouds forming?

What is a common immediate impact of earthquakes mentioned in the text?

Why do developing countries often suffer greater devastation from earthquakes compared to developed countries?

What kind of risk is associated with earthquakes according to the text?

In developed countries, what contributes to their better earthquake resilience?

What resource shortages are mentioned as immediate impacts of earthquakes?

What is the primary role of convection in transferring energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere?

How do ocean currents impact the temperatures of nearby land areas?

Why do mountain peaks near the equator sometimes remain snow-capped despite being closer to the heat source?

In what state does water vapor exist in the atmosphere, significantly influencing weather and climate?

What process results in liquid water cooling to form clouds and potentially lead to precipitation?

Why is the enhanced greenhouse effect considered a threat due to human activities?

How do rising sea levels impact coastal and low-lying regions based on the text?

Which physical state of water plays a crucial role in forming snowflakes, hail, or ice crystals?

What is the function of relative humidity as mentioned in the text?

What is the main source of energy driving the hydrological or water cycle according to the text?

In which type of cloud formation do clouds form due to moist air rising, cooling, and reaching saturation around condensation nuclei?

What environmental mechanism of rainfall is primarily driven by moist winds being forced upward by terrain and cooling to form precipitation?

What type of precipitation is generated when water droplets coalesce in clouds and fall due to gravity after reaching maximum moisture capacity?

Which type of cloud is often associated with an approaching cold front but does not typically produce precipitation?

What primarily causes atmospheric water vapor to transition from liquid to vapor through evaporation?

Which environmental mechanism of rainfall results from warm, moist air being lifted over cooler air in frontal systems?

Where does most of Earth's freshwater resources come from as described in the text?

What marks the transformation of water vapor back into liquid or solid forms critical for precipitation as mentioned in the text?

What do tight spacing between isobars on a synoptic weather map indicate?

What is the primary composition of the Earth's outer core?

Which spectrum is critical for night-time meteorology and provides data on cloud formation and air temperature differences?

What is the primary function of the Earth's mantle?

Which layer of the Earth remains solid despite extreme heat due to immense pressures at Earth's center?

What type of information do symbols on synoptic maps provide related to wind?

What is the boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle marked by?

Why is satellite imagery considered crucial for weather forecasting?

What do circular patterns of isobars on synoptic weather maps usually represent?

What is the visible spectrum useful for when observing weather phenomena during the day?

Which geological process is primarily responsible for the formation of fold mountains like the Himalayas?

What type of fold is characterized by downward U-shaped structures in rock layers?

In geological terms, what do recumbent folds indicate?

What types of plates are involved in the formation of fold mountains?

Which tectonic plate boundary results in the formation of new crust and mid-ocean ridges?

What geological event is likely to occur at a conservative plate margin?

Which factor contributes to the likelihood of severe earthquakes at sticking conservative plate margins?

At which type of plate boundary does subduction occur, leading to deep-sea trenches and volcanic island arcs?

'Nappe' folds are associated with extreme pressure causing rocks to not only fold but also break and slide over themselves. In which type of geological process are these folds commonly formed?

What distinguishes collision margins from other types of plate boundaries in terms of geological outcomes?

What is the primary process involved in the formation of sedimentary rock?

How do batholiths differ from laccoliths?

What distinctive feature characterizes igneous rock landforms known as tors?

Which process occurs without melting when forming metamorphic rocks?

What differentiates intrusive igneous activity from extrusive igneous activity?

What geological factor significantly influences the resistance to erosion in landforms?

How do sills differ from dykes in terms of their orientation?

What geological process leads to the formation of block mountains (horsts)?

What landforms are created by fault movements like those in the East African Rift Valley?

Which type of seismic waves can move through solids and liquids, but not through gases?

What is the primary cause of a tsunami according to the text?

What is the main difference in the movement of rocks that leads to reverse faults compared to normal faults?

Which tectonic plate boundary is characterized by rocks being pulled apart, leading to normal faults?

What type of seismic waves squeeze and stretch the ground as they travel through the Earth's crust?

What is characteristic of the surface waves in terms of their speed and destructiveness?

What are the primary inputs into the Earth's atmosphere as mentioned in the text?

Which of the following is considered a store within the Earth's atmosphere?

What key role do non-gases like dust, salt, and smoke particles play in the atmosphere?

Which process results in the release of moisture from the Earth's atmosphere?

Which of the following gases is classified as a 'variable gas' within the Earth's atmosphere?

What is the primary output from the Earth's atmosphere that gets released back into space?

What role does atmospheric water vapor play in the hydrological cycle?

Which type of cloud can lead to thunderstorms?

What weather condition do cirrus clouds typically indicate?

How is hail generated according to the text?

What environmental mechanism is responsible for relief or orographic rain?

Which form of precipitation is directly attributed to condensed water droplets coalescing in clouds?

In what geological situation does convectional rain occur?

'Relative humidity' is a measure of what compared to its maximum at the same temperature?

What distinguishes stratus clouds from cumulus clouds in terms of weather outcomes?

What process is facilitated by condensation nuclei like dust particles in the atmosphere?

Why may developing countries suffer greater devastation from earthquakes compared to developed countries?

What is a significant health risk associated with earthquakes according to the text?

How do earthquakes contribute to resource shortages?

What is a common impact of earthquakes on infrastructure?

How do earthquake impacts in developed countries differ from those in developing countries?

What determines the formation of larger crystals within igneous rocks?

Which type of rock is characterized by caves, springs, and aquifers?

What type of intrusive body is typically vertical and cuts across existing rock layers?

What is the primary factor that influences the resistance to erosion and permeability of landforms?

Which activity does intrusive igneous activity refer to?

What is a notable difference between batholiths and laccoliths?

What process alters the mineral composition and structure of existing rocks without melting?

What is a distinguishing feature of sills compared to dykes?

Which type of rocks transform under extreme pressure and temperature conditions to form metamorphic rocks?

What distinguishes laccoliths from lopoliths?

What percentage of incoming solar radiation is absorbed in the atmosphere?

Which layer of the atmosphere experiences a temperature increase with altitude due to the absorption of UV radiation?

Which gas in the atmosphere is crucial for photosynthesis but can lead to global warming at increased levels?

What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the atmosphere?

In which atmospheric layer do meteors burn up and noctilucent clouds form?

What is the primary source of Earth's heat for various atmospheric processes?

Which gas primarily comprises about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere?

Scattering of solar radiation influences which atmospheric property related to Earth's surface?

What is the primary role of isobars on synoptic weather maps?

Why is the ozone layer crucial for Earth?

What environmental mechanism of rainfall is driven by the heating of the Earth's surface?

What characterizes the troposphere in terms of weather processes and temperature?

How do ocean currents impact the temperatures of nearby land areas?

What geological process leads to the formation of rift valleys (grabens)?

'Hail' is generated in cumulonimbus clouds due to cycles of water droplets until they grow too heavy and do what?

What is the role of non-gases within the atmosphere based on the information provided?

Which theory proposed the idea of continental drift?

In geological terms, what do recumbent folds indicate?

What atmospheric process involves the transformation of liquid water into water vapor?

Why do mountain peaks near the equator sometimes remain snow-capped despite their high altitudes?

Which factor primarily influences temperature changes with altitude in the troposphere?

In what form does solid ice primarily exist at high altitudes?

Which process involves the direct shift from solid ice to gaseous water vapor?

What physical state does liquid water primarily take in clouds and fog?

How do ocean currents impact temperatures of nearby land areas?

What geological process leads to the formation of block mountains?

In which type of fault do rocks fracture due to compression leading to reverse faults?

Which type of seismic waves travel through the Earth's crust and squeeze or stretch the ground?

What is the primary geological feature associated with rift valleys caused by fault movements?

What natural disaster can be mitigated by understanding folding and faulting processes?

Which tectonic force can lead to the formation of strike-slip faults like the San Andreas Fault?

What human activity is commonly associated with fold mountains due to suitable grazing conditions?

Which natural event is primarily caused by the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines?

What is the primary function of a seismograph in the context of earthquakes?

Which type of mountain is known for being popular destinations for eco-tourism and skiing?

What geological activity results from plates moving apart at plate margins?

What type of plate margin involves plates sliding past each other without creating or destroying crust?

What tectonic activity occurs when two continental plates collide?

What is a characteristic of recumbent folds?

What type of fold is characterized by rock layers tilted in one direction?

What type of geological activity is associated with transform plate margins?

What results from intense pressure causing rocks to buckle and fold at plate boundaries?

What is a common structure formed by compressive forces at plate boundaries where tectonic plates collide?

'Syncline' and 'anticline' folds differ in their:

'Collision margins' primarily result in the creation of: