Atlantic History Overview and Rivalries
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Questions and Answers

What characterized the period of peak activity from 1650 to 1730?

  • The beginning of the Enlightenment movement
  • The decline of slavery in the British Empire
  • The rise of abolitionist movements
  • The peak of naval presence and treaties (correct)

What was the primary intent of Atlantic history?

  • To document the lives of famous pirates.
  • To focus solely on economic trade in the Americas.
  • To explore transatlantic exchanges in various sectors. (correct)
  • To analyze the rise of European monarchies.

Which major event was part of the War of Spanish Succession?

  • Queen Anne's War (correct)
  • American Revolution
  • Haitian Revolution
  • Seven Years War

Which event marked the beginning of European conflicts over territories in the New World?

<p>The signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does transculturation refer to?

<p>The blending of different cultures through interaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the three major strategies used to undermine Spanish power?

<p>Engaging in privateering activities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which abolished slavery in the year 1888?

<p>Portuguese Empire in Brazil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was known for his blockade of Charleston and had a fearsome reputation?

<p>Blackbeard (Edward Teach). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle was common in both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of Cadiz?

<p>Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pirate held a Letter of Marque allowing them to engage in sanctioned piracy?

<p>Privateers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were key figures in leading independence movements in Spanish colonies?

<p>Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the common tactics of pirate attacks during the Golden Age of Piracy?

<p>Brutality and targeting unarmed merchant vessels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Night of Fire' is associated with which historical event?

<p>A slave revolt in Saint-Domingue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social hierarchy existed in Saint-Domingue?

<p>Gens de couleur, Grand Blancs, Petit Blancs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Spanish Flotilla during the Golden Age?

<p>To protect treasure ships from attacks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the 'Black Legend' in relation to the Spanish Empire?

<p>An exaggerated portrayal of Spanish cruelty. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the Atlantic between Spain and England.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Privateers were independent marauders who engaged in illegal piracy without any authorization.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mary Read was one of the few documented female pirates during the Golden Age of Piracy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Buccaneers were known for targeting only French ships in the Caribbean.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Spanish Main refers to the mainland coastal areas of Spanish territories that pirates frequently targeted.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Direct military engagement was one of the strategies used to undermine Spanish power, with wars like the Anglo-Dutch War (1585–1604).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Black Bart Roberts was one of the most successful pirates, known for capturing over 400 ships.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Golden Age of Piracy was characterized by brutal attacks primarily on armed merchant ships.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Slavery Abolition Act was enacted in 1833 by the British Empire.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Toussaint L'Ouverture was a key figure in the Haitian Revolution, which began in 1791.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The War of Spanish Succession occurred between 1701 and 1714 and was primarily fought in Asia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Golden Age of Revolutions was characterized by a focus on liberty, equality, and reason during the Enlightenment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cuba abolished slavery in 1886 under the Portuguese Empire.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Equiano was a prominent abolitionist writer who was formerly enslaved.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Free Womb Laws were aimed at granting freedom to enslaved peoples of all ages.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Napoleonic Wars reshaped both European powers and their colonial ambitions from 1803 to 1815.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pirates with their notable characteristics:

<p>Blackbeard = Infamous for his blockade of Charleston Mary Read = One of the few documented female pirates Black Bart Roberts = Captured over 400 ships Calico Jack = Known for his partnership with Mary Read</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical events with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Queen Anne's War = Part of the War of Spanish Succession Haitian Revolution = A slave revolt beginning in 1791 Seven Years War = British victory over France in the Americas Napoleonic Wars = French-led conflicts reshaping European and colonial powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of abolition legislation with their respective countries:

<p>Abolition in Brazil = Aurea Law (1888) Slavery Abolition Act = British Empire (1833) Cuban abolition = Slavery abolished in 1886 Haitian abolition = Decreed during the revolution (1794)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following strategies to undermine Spanish power with their descriptions:

<p>Privateering = Government-sanctioned piracy Propaganda = Exaggerated tales of Spanish cruelty Direct Military Engagement = Warfare like the Anglo-Spanish War Diplomacy = Negotiations between competing nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Letter of Marque = Authorization for privateers to engage in piracy Spanish Main = Coastal areas of Spanish territories targeted by pirates Golden Age of Piracy = Period characterized by increased piracy Buccaneers = Semi-legitimate raiders targeting Spanish ships</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the social groups to their descriptions in Saint-Domingue:

<p>Gens de couleur = Free people of African descent Grand Blancs = Wealthy white plantation owners Petit Blancs = Poor white settlers Slaves = Enslaved laborers on plantations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following territories with their respective major geographic features:

<p>Cuba = Major island in the Caribbean Hispaniola = Home to Haiti and the Dominican Republic Jamaica = Colonial territory central to trade Florida = Key maritime routes for trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the figures with their respective contributions to the independence movements:

<p>Simón Bolívar = Leader in South American independence José de San Martín = Key figure in South America's liberation Toussaint L'Ouverture = Leader of the Haitian Revolution Jacques Dessalines = Proclaimed Haiti's independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical events with their significance:

<p>Treaty of Tordesillas = Divided the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal Martin Luther’s 95 Theses = Challenged Catholic dominance Anglo-Spanish War = Direct military engagement against Spanish power The Reformation = Fueled national rivalries in Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the key concepts of Atlantic history with their definitions:

<p>Transculturation = Blending of different cultures through interaction Prejudice and Discrimination = Beliefs disadvantaging certain groups Ethnicity and Race = Social constructs shaping identity Golden Age of Revolutions = Focus on liberty, equality, and reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pirate types with their descriptions:

<p>Privateers = Pirates with government-sanctioned letters Pirates = Independent marauders engaging in illegal activities Buccaneers = Raiders with semi-legitimate status Corsairs = Pirates operating under specific national claims</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the enlightenment principles to their corresponding documents:

<p>Declaration of Independence = 1776 statement of political rights Constitution of Cadiz = 1812 adaptation of Enlightenment ideas U.S. Constitution = Framework for American government Bill of Rights = Protection of individual liberties</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the notable events with their time periods:

<p>American Revolution = 1776–1783 Abolition of slavery in Haiti = 1794 Spanish Empire's gradual abolition = Phased over decades Cuba's abolition of slavery = 1886</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their related themes:

<p>Transculturation = Cultural exchanges across the Atlantic Colonialism = Exploitation of new territories for resources Mercantilism = Economic theory driving colonial competition Nationalism = Pride in one's nation influencing colonial ambitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the wars and conflicts with their key characteristics:

<p>War of Spanish Succession = Reshaped European alliances French and Indian War = Part of the larger Seven Years War Napoleonic Wars = Redefined European colonial ambitions American Revolutionary War = Colonies fighting for independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following maritime practices with their attributes:

<p>Code of Conduct = Rules aboard pirate ships Surprise tactics = Element of surprise in attacks Targeting merchant ships = Common practice among pirates Blockading = Preventing supplies to enemy ports</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which conflict was characterized by the alliance of England and Austria against France and Spain?

<p>War of Spanish Succession (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gradual abolition measure allowed children of enslaved mothers to gain freedom?

<p>Free Womb Laws (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major figure is associated with the Haitian Revolution and is known for his leadership during the slave revolt?

<p>Toussaint L'Ouverture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of social hierarchy existed in Saint-Domingue, differentiating between free people of color and whites?

<p>Gens de couleur, Grand Blancs, Petit Blancs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which document, signed in 1776, declared the thirteen American colonies' independence from British rule?

<p>Declaration of Independence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major legislative change occurred in 1833 within the British Empire regarding slavery?

<p>Slavery Abolition Act (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Enlightenment influence the independence movements during the Golden Age of Revolutions?

<p>Emphasized liberty, equality, and reason (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the beginning of the Haitian Revolution in 1791?

<p>Night of Fire (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494?

<p>It divided the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal, influencing future territorial claims. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did religious conflicts contribute to European colonial rivalries during the early modern period?

<p>They fueled animosities and competition between Protestant and Catholic nations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy was NOT employed to undermine Spanish power during the Golden Age?

<p>Creating alliances with indigenous populations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Spanish Flotilla play during the Golden Age?

<p>It provided protection for treasure ships against piracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes buccaneers during the Golden Age of Piracy?

<p>They engaged in sanctioned piracy against specific nations, primarily Spain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pirates was known for having a fearsome reputation and significant influence during the Golden Age?

<p>Blackbeard (Edward Teach), infamous for his ruthless tactics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common feature of pirate practices during the Golden Age?

<p>Code of Conduct that endorsed egalitarian principles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which describes the concept of the 'Spanish Main'?

<p>The mainland coastal region of Spanish territories targeted by pirates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atlantic History

The study of interactions between Europe, Africa, and the Americas across the Atlantic Ocean during the early modern period.

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement in 1494 dividing the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal, leading to conflicts with other European powers.

Privateering

Government-sanctioned piracy, often used against rivals like Spain.

Blackbeard (Edward Teach)

A famous pirate known for his reputation and attacks, particularly on Charleston in 1718.

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Letter of Marque

A government document authorizing privateers to attack enemy ships.

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Spanish Main

The coastal region of Spanish territories in the Americas, targeted by pirates.

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Spanish Armada (Fleet)

A large fleet of ships used by Spain to protect treasure and shipping from the Americas during the Age of Exploration.

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Buccaneers

Semi-legal raiders, targeting Spanish ships and settlements.

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Transculturation

The blending of different cultures through interaction.

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Golden Age of Revolutions

A period characterized by numerous revolutions, including the American and Haitian Revolutions. Marked by significant societal changes.

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Slavery Abolition Act (1833)

Legislation in the British Empire leading to the gradual abolition of slavery.

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Haitian Revolution

A revolution in Saint-Domingue (Haiti) that resulted in the abolition of slavery and the establishment of an independent nation .

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Seven Years' War

A significant conflict involving Britain and France over colonial territory in the Americas.

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Enlightenment

A European intellectual movement emphasizing liberty, equality, and reason.

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Prejudice and Discrimination

Beliefs and actions that disadvantage particular groups of people.

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Queen Anne's War

War fought between England/Austria and France/Spain (1702 - 1713), part of the larger War of Spanish Succession.

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What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

A 1494 agreement that divided the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal, sparking conflicts with other European powers.

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Golden Age of the Spanish Empire

A period in Spanish history characterized by vast wealth and colonial expansion, primarily fueled by gold and silver from the Americas.

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Black Legend

Propaganda used by rival European powers to portray Spain as cruel and oppressive in the Americas, aimed at justifying intervention.

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Spanish Flotilla

A heavily protected fleet designed to transport treasure from the Americas back to Spain.

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Famous Pirate: Blackbeard

A notorious pirate known for his fearsome reputation and the blockade of Charleston in 1718.

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What were Buccaneers?

Semi-legal raiders who targeted Spanish ships and settlements, particularly in the Caribbean.

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Gens de couleur

A social class in Saint-Domingue (Haiti) comprised of free people of color, often of mixed European and African ancestry.

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What is the Night of Fire?

The violent slave rebellion that began the Haitian Revolution in 1791. This marked a turning point in the struggle for freedom.

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Free Womb Laws

Laws enacted in some colonial societies, like those in Latin America, that gradually abolished slavery by granting freedom to children born to enslaved mothers.

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What's the relationship between the Déclaration d'Indépendance (1776) and the Constitution of Cadiz (1812)?

Both documents reflect the ideas of the Enlightenment, emphasizing liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty. They were adapted to the specific political contexts of their respective nations.

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What is Queen Anne's War?

A conflict (1702-1713) that was part of the larger War of Spanish Succession. It pitted England and Austria against France and Spain, with repercussions for colonial territories.

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Simón Bolívar

A key leader in the independence movements of Spanish colonies in South America. He is known for his liberator role and his revolutionary ideals.

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What were some effects of the Seven Years' War?

The British emerged victorious, gaining control of vast territories in North America and becoming a global superpower. This shift in power had lasting consequences for the future of the Atlantic world.

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What was the Enlightenment?

An intellectual movement emphasizing liberty, equality, and reason. It challenged traditional authority and advocated for individual rights and democratic principles.

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What is prejudice and discrimination?

Beliefs and actions that disadvantage particular groups of people based on their race, ethnicity, or other characteristics. It can be rooted in stereotypes and can lead to social injustice.

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What role did Toussaint L'Ouverture play?

He was a key figure in the Haitian Revolution, leading the fight for freedom and abolition. He played a crucial part in establishing an independent Haiti.

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What were Free Womb Laws?

Laws enacted in some colonial societies that gradually abolished slavery by granting freedom to children born to enslaved mothers. This was a step towards ending slavery but didn't immediately free existing slaves.

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British Empire and Slavery

The British Empire gradually abolished slavery through the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833, although it was a long and complex process.

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Enlightenment Ideas

A European intellectual movement emphasizing liberty, equality, and reason, which influenced revolutions and political reforms.

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Declaration of Independence (1776) vs. Constitution of Cadiz (1812)

Both documents reflect Enlightenment principles, adapting those ideas to their specific political contexts, showing how the ideals of liberty and self-governance were applied in different ways.

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Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

A significant conflict involving Britain and France over colonial territory in the Americas. The British victory had profound implications for the balance of power in the Atlantic world.

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Why did European powers compete in the New World?

Competition over wealth, trade routes, and territories in the Americas fueled rivalries between European powers, including Spain, Portugal, England, and the Dutch.

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Reformation and Rivalries

Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church sparked the Protestant Reformation, leading to religious conflicts and fueling national rivalries that impacted colonial competition.

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Three Strategies to Undermine Spanish Power

European rivals used privateering (government-sanctioned piracy), propaganda (the Black Legend), and direct military engagement to challenge Spanish dominance in the Americas.

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Blackbeard

A notorious pirate known for his fearsome reputation and the blockade of Charleston in 1718, symbolizing the Golden Age of Piracy.

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Pirate Types

Pirates were diverse: Buccaneers (semi-legal raiders against Spanish ships), Pirates (independent, often illegal marauders), and Privateers (sanctioned pirates with Letters of Marque).

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Study Notes

Atlantic History Overview

  • Focuses on interactions between Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the early modern period.
  • Aims to explore transatlantic exchanges in culture, economics, politics, and society, highlighting interconnectedness.

Map of the Caribbean

  • Understand key geographic features like major islands (e.g., Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica).
  • Study colonial territories and maritime routes tied to trade and piracy.

Origins of European Rivalries

  • Competition existed for wealth, trade routes, and territories in the New World.
  • The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal, leading to conflicts with other European powers.

Reformation and Rivalries

  • Martin Luther's 95 Theses (1517) challenged Catholic dominance, sparking Protestant rivals (e.g., England, Dutch Republic).
  • Religious conflicts fueled national rivalries and justifications for colonial competition.

Three Major Strategies to Undermine Spanish Power

  • Privateering: Government-sanctioned piracy, targeting Spanish ships.
  • Propaganda: The Black Legend exaggerated Spanish cruelty to justify intervention.
  • Direct Military Engagement: Wars like the Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604).

Spanish Flotilla/Fleet

  • Organized fleet system protected treasure ships from the Americas.

Golden Age of Piracy

Famous Pirates

  • Blackbeard (Edward Teach): Known for fearsome reputation and blockade of Charleston.
  • Mary Read: One of the few documented female pirates.
  • Black Bart Roberts: Successful pirate captain who captured over 400 ships.

Pirate Types

  • Buccaneers: Semi-legitimate raiders targeting Spanish ships and settlements.
  • Pirates: Independent, often illegal marauders.
  • Privateers: Legally authorized pirates.

Pirate Practices

  • Established Codes of Conduct aboard pirate ships (e.g., dividing plunder equally).
  • Common tactics included surprise attacks, targeting unarmed merchant ships, and brutality.

Key Terms

  • Letter of Marque: Authorization for privateers.
  • Spanish Main: Coastal area of Spanish territories targeted by pirates.

Timeline

  • Active years peaked between 1650 and 1730.
  • Period ended with increased naval presence and treaties by the 1730s.

Queen Anne's War (1702–1713)

  • Part of the War of Spanish Succession.
  • Allied powers (England, Austria) vs. France and Spain.

Transculturation, Race, and Identity

Key Concepts

  • Ethnicity, race, and culture are social constructs that shape identity.
  • Prejudice and discrimination: beliefs and actions that disadvantage groups.
  • Transculturation: The blending of different cultures through interaction.

Golden Age of Revolutions

Slavery and Abolition

  • British Empire: Gradual abolition (Slavery Abolition Act, 1833).
  • Spanish/Portuguese/French Empires: Gradual abolition over time in different colonies.

Independence Movements

  • British Colonies: American Revolution (1776–1783).
  • Spanish Colonies: Independence movements led by figures such as Bolívar and San Martín.
  • Haitian Revolution: Key events and leaders.

Atlantic World Characteristics (1700s)

  • Enlightenment: Focus on liberty, equality, and reason.
  • Free Womb Laws and major figures.

Constitutional Comparisons

  • Declaration of Independence (1776) vs. Constitution of Cadiz (1812).

Wars and Conflicts

  • Seven Years War/French and Indian War (1756–1763).

Key Figures and Terms (further study)

  • Equiano, gens de couleur, Grand Blancs, Petit Blancs, Night of Fire

Reading Overview

  • Dunn, Greene, Rodriguez, Knight, Morgan: Varying perspectives on colonial systems, slavery, and cultural interactions

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