ATI Capstone NCLEX Review Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Black Cohosh can be safely used during pregnancy.

False

What is the primary action of Black Cohosh?

Acts on the female reproductive system as an estrogen substitute.

What should be monitored frequently when managing clients with insulin?

Blood glucose levels during the peak of insulin action.

Match each type of insulin with its characteristics:

Rapid Acting: Lispro (Humalog) = Onset: Less than 15 minutes, Peak: 30 minutes to 1 hour, Duration: 3 to 4 hours Short Acting: Regular (Humulin R) = Onset: 30 minutes to 1 hour, Peak: 2 to 3 hours, Duration: 5 to 7 hours Intermediate Acting: NPH (Humulin N) = Onset: 1 to 2 hours, Peak: 4 to 12 hours, Duration: 18 to 24 hours Long Acting: Insulin glargine (Lantus) = Onset: 1 hour, Peak: None, Duration: 10 to 24 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is a common instruction for clients starting Doxazosin mesylate?

Change positions slowly and lie down if feeling dizzy. Signup and view all the answers

How often should Montelukast be taken?

Once daily at bedtime. Signup and view all the answers

What pharmacological action does methylprednisolone have?

Suppresses airway mucus production. Signup and view all the answers

What are contraindications for salicylate acid therapy?

Pregnancy, bleeding disorders, thrombocytopenia, and children with fever or recent chickenpox. Signup and view all the answers

In what patient population is salicylate acid therapy commonly used?

Clients with coronary artery disease. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition requires clarification before prescribing propranolol?

Asthma. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order for mixing insulins?

Roll NPH vial between palms Signup and view all the answers

When mixing two insulins, withdraw the _ insulin first to avoid contaminating the stock vial with _ insulin.

short-acting; NPH Signup and view all the answers

Nitroglycerin therapy can lead to productive cough.

False Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken before administering blood products?

Assess the client's temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What are signs of potential digitalis toxicity?

Anorexia, fatigue, weakness, nausea, vomiting. Signup and view all the answers

What is an adverse effect of disulfiram?

Hepatotoxicity. Signup and view all the answers

What interaction should clients taking lisinopril be cautious about?

Potassium supplements and potassium-sparing diuretics. Signup and view all the answers

What steps should a nurse take when administering a bisacodyl suppository?

Don clean gloves, lubricate the finger, position client, insert the suppository, and apply gentle pressure if needed. Signup and view all the answers

What should the nurse do if the wrong medication was administered?

Acknowledge the error, report to the provider, monitor for adverse effects, complete an incident report. Signup and view all the answers

What are subjective sources of data?

What the client tells the nurse Signup and view all the answers

What are objective sources of data?

Data the nurse obtains through observation and examination Signup and view all the answers

What does secondary subjective data refer to?

What others tell the nurse; what the client had told them Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary objective sources of data?

Data the nurse collects from other sources like family, friends, caregivers, healthcare professionals, literature review, medical records Signup and view all the answers

What are the Steps of the Nursing Process?

Assessment/data collection, analysis/data collection, planning, implementation, evaluation; ADPIE Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in assessment/data collection?

The systemic collection of information about clients' present health statuses to identify needs Signup and view all the answers

What does analysis/data collection require nurses to do?

Recognize patterns or trends; compare the data with expected standards or reference ranges Signup and view all the answers

What does planning in nursing entail?

Establishing priorities and optimal outcomes based on measurable interventions Signup and view all the answers

What is discharge planning?

A process of anticipating and planning for the client's needs after discharge Signup and view all the answers

What are nurse-initiated/independent interventions?

Nurses use evidence and scientific rationale to take autonomous actions to benefit clients Signup and view all the answers

What are provider-initiated/dependent interventions?

Interventions nurses initiate as a result of a provider's prescription or facility's protocol Signup and view all the answers

What are collaborative interventions?

Interventions nurses carry out in collaboration with other healthcare team professionals Signup and view all the answers

What does implementation involve in nursing?

Providing care based on assessment data, analysis, and the developed plan Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of evaluation in nursing?

Evaluating clients' responses to nursing interventions and determining effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

What questions should be considered during evaluation?

Did the client meet the planned outcomes? Were the nursing interventions appropriate and effective? Signup and view all the answers

What factors can lead to lack of goal achievement during evaluation?

An incomplete database, unrealistic client outcomes, nonspecific nursing interventions, and inadequate time Signup and view all the answers

What are the four steps of critical thinking?

<ol> <li>Identify and analyze the problem; 2. Recall info needed; 3. Evaluate each option; 4. Select the priority option</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What should clients with diabetes mellitus eat when their blood glucose is low?

A snack of 10-15 grams of carbohydrates, such as 120 mL or 4 oz of fruit juice Signup and view all the answers

Why are infants and toddlers at risk for injury?

Due to a tendency to put objects in their mouth and hazards encountered while exploring Signup and view all the answers

What risk do preschool and school-aged children often face?

Injury from limited or underdeveloped motor coordination Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to adolescents' risks for injury?

Increased desire to make independent decisions and reliance on peers for guidance Signup and view all the answers

How can aspiration be prevented in infants and toddlers?

Keep small objects out of reach and check toys for safety hazards Signup and view all the answers

What are antiemetics used for?

Treatment and/or prevention of nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What are common classes of antiemetics?

5-HT3 receptor antagonists, Dopamine antagonists, Antihistamines Signup and view all the answers

What are 5-HT3 receptor antagonists used for?

Dolasetron, Granisetron, Ondansetron, Tropisetron Signup and view all the answers

What are Dopamine antagonists examples?

Promethazine, Prochlorperazine, Metoclopramide Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of Antihistamines?

Diphenhydramine, Dimenhydrinate, Meclizine Signup and view all the answers

What do Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) do?

Decrease stomach acid by inhibiting gastric proton pumps Signup and view all the answers

What are common PPIs?

Omeprazole, Lansoprazole, Dexlansoprazole, Esomeprazole, Pantoprazole Signup and view all the answers

What do Erectile Dysfunction Agents do?

Increase nitric oxide which opens and relaxes blood vessels in the penis Signup and view all the answers

What are common Erectile Dysfunction medications?

Sildenafil, Vardenafil, Tadalafil Signup and view all the answers

What are Antianemics?

Medications that increase red blood cell production Signup and view all the answers

What interactions exist with iron?

Antacids or tetracyclines reduce absorption of iron Signup and view all the answers

What side effects can iron cause?

GI distress including nausea, constipation, heartburn Signup and view all the answers

What are Statins used for?

Treat primary hypercholesterolemia and reduce risk for MI and stroke Signup and view all the answers

What are common medications in the Statins category?

Atorvastatin, Simvastatin, Lovastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin, Fluvastatin Signup and view all the answers

What are the side effects of Statins?

Risk of hepatotoxicity, myopathy, and peripheral neuropathy Signup and view all the answers

What do anticoagulants do?

Prevent the formation of blood clots by interfering with the clotting cascade Signup and view all the answers

What are common anticoagulant medications?

Heparin, Coumadin Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of HEPARIN?

Prevents thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)?

Normal is 20-36 seconds; therapeutic maintenance at 60-80 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What does Coumadin do?

Interferes with coagulation by antagonizing vitamin K Signup and view all the answers

What should clients taking Coumadin avoid?

Foods high in vitamin K and certain medications like NSAIDs Signup and view all the answers

What do antiplatelets do?

Prevent platelets from clumping together to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke Signup and view all the answers

What are common antiplatelet medications?

Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Pentoxifylline Signup and view all the answers

What should clients taking antiplatelets monitor for?

Signs of weakness, dizziness, headache, and bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What are thrombolytic agents known as?

Clot busters Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of thrombolytic therapy?

Restoration of circulation indicated by relief of chest pain Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored when giving thrombolytics?

Baseline platelet and blood counts, and signs of bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What should clients using herbal supplements disclose?

All supplements they are taking, including prescription or OTC medications Signup and view all the answers

What is Echinacea used for?

To treat the common cold and may decrease medication effectiveness for TB, HIV, or cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is Ginger root beneficial for?

Decreasing nausea, motion sickness, and pain from arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is Ginkgo biloba used for?

Promotes vasodilation and may improve memory and cognitive function Signup and view all the answers

What does Valerian do?

Increases GABA to prevent insomnia and promote sleep Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Patient Data Sources

Subjective data: Information provided directly by the client during nursing assessments.
Objective data: Information obtained through direct observation and physical examination.
Secondary subjective data: Insights provided by others about what the client has shared previously.
Secondary objective data: Information collected from external sources, including family and medical records.

Nursing Process Steps

Nursing Process includes five critical steps: Assessment, Analysis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation (ADPIE).
Assessment involves systematically gathering information about client health status and identifying data needs.
Analysis requires recognizing patterns in data and comparing them to expected standards to direct nursing care.
Planning involves establishing priorities and measurable outcomes for client health.
Implementation is the actual provision of care based on prior assessments and planned interventions.
Evaluation assesses the effectiveness of nursing interventions and determines if client goals were met.

Discharge and Intervention Planning

Discharge planning starts at admission, focusing on anticipating post-discharge needs.
Independent interventions are those initiated by nurses based on clinical judgment and within their scope of practice.
Dependent interventions stem from provider prescriptions or facility protocols.
Collaborative interventions involve teamwork with other healthcare professionals.

Critical Thinking in Nursing

Four critical thinking steps: identify and analyze the problem, gather necessary information, evaluate options, and select the best course of action.

Safety and Risk Factors in Patients

Infants and toddlers face risks due to mouthing objects and exploring hazardous environments.
Preschoolers and school-aged children often encounter injuries due to limited motor skills.
Adolescents may experience injuries related to peer influence and the pursuit of independence.

Antiemetics and Gastrointestinal Health

Antiemetics are used to treat nausea and vomiting, with several common classes including serotonin antagonists and dopamine antagonists.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce stomach acidity and can lead to vitamin B12 deficiencies if used long-term.

Erectile Dysfunction Treatment

Medications for erectile dysfunction enhance nitric oxide's effects to increase blood flow leading to erections.
Common drugs include Sildenafil (Viagra), Vardenafil (Levitra), and Tadalafil (Cialis).

Iron Supplementation and Antianemics

Iron supplements should be taken on an empty stomach for optimal absorption, and adverse effects include gastrointestinal distress.
Vitamin C can enhance iron absorption but may cause gastrointestinal issues.

Cholesterol Management with Statins

Statins are used to lower LDL cholesterol and increase HDL cholesterol, with regular monitoring of liver functions necessary to avoid hepatotoxicity.

Anticoagulant Use and Monitoring

Anticoagulants like heparin and Coumadin prevent blood clot formation and require vigilant monitoring of bleeding risks and clotting times (aPTT, INR).

Antiplatelet Therapy

Antiplatelet medications prevent clotting by inhibiting platelet aggregation, commonly used for stroke and myocardial infarction prevention.

Thrombolytics as Clot Busters

Thrombolytic agents restore circulation but increase bleeding risk. They must be administered quickly after symptom onset for maximum effectiveness.

Herbal Supplement Considerations

Herbal supplements can affect various medications and should be noted during health assessments to prevent interactions.

Insulin Management in Diabetes

Different types of insulin (rapid, short, intermediate, long) are used for diabetes management, with specific onset, peak, and duration times.
Hypoglycemia may present with various symptoms, requiring frequent monitoring during insulin peak action times.

Prioritization in Nursing Care

Prioritization should consider the urgency of airway, breathing, and circulation problems rather than applying ABC checks uniformly.### Vancomycin
Can cause infusion reactions, specifically red man syndrome characterized by rashes, flushing, tachycardia, and hypotension.
Administer over 60 minutes to minimize infusion reactions.

Doxazosin Mesylate

Risk of first-dose orthostatic hypotension; advise clients to change positions slowly.
Clients should lie down if feeling dizzy, lightheaded, or faint.
Avoid activities requiring mental alertness for the first 12 to 24 hours after the first dose.

Montelukast

Instruct clients to take the medication once daily at bedtime.
Used for long-term asthma therapy in adults and children, and to prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm.

Methylprednisolone

Corticosteroid suppressing airway mucus production and promoting beta2 receptor responsiveness.
Possible adverse effects include bone loss and candidiasis.

Salicylate Acid Contraindications

Category D agent; contraindicated in pregnant clients and those with bleeding disorders or thrombocytopenia.
Should not be given to children with fever or recent chickenpox due to the risk of Reye syndrome.

Salicylate Acid Therapy Usage

Inhibits platelet aggregation; used for treatment and prevention of thrombosis.
Commonly prescribed for clients with coronary artery disease to prevent thrombus formation.

Propranolol

Avoid prescribing to clients with asthma due to risk of bronchoconstriction; opt for beta1 selective agents instead.

Insulin Administration

Inspect vials for contaminants and roll NPH vial between hands.
Inject air into NPH insulin vial, then into regular insulin vial, followed by withdrawing regular insulin, and finally adding NPH.
Two compatible insulins can be mixed in one syringe and remain stable for 28 days.

Mixing Insulins

Withdraw short-acting insulin first to avoid contaminating the vial with NPH insulin.

Transdermal Nitroglycerin

Productive cough is not an adverse effect; vasodilation from nitroglycerin does not affect lung function directly.

Blood Products Administration

Assess client's temperature and vital signs; ensure compatibility and obtain consent prior to starting transfusion.
Prime IV tubing with 0.9% sodium chloride before administering blood products.

Digitalis Toxicity

Signs include anorexia, fatigue, weakness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bradycardia, and visual disturbances (diplopia, halos).
Monitor for these symptoms in clients taking digoxin.

Disulfiram

Daily use can lead to hepatotoxicity as a possible adverse effect.

Lisinopril Interaction

Increase in hyperkalemia risk with potassium supplements and potassium-sparing diuretics; advise against non-prescribed potassium supplements and potassium-containing salt substitutes.

Bisacodyl Suppository Administration

Use clean gloves, lubricate index finger, position client on left lateral side, gently retract buttocks, and insert suppository past internal sphincter.
Apply gentle pressure to buttocks to keep medication in place post-administration.

Medication Error Protocol

Acknowledge the error, report to provider for further orders, monitor for adverse effects, and complete an incident report as per institutional policy.

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Description

Test your knowledge on subjective and objective data sources with these ATI Capstone NCLEX review flashcards. Each card provides essential definitions that are crucial for nursing practice. Perfect for nursing students preparing for their NCLEX exams.