Athletics Techniques Quiz

Starting Positions

• Bunch Start: The runner's kneeling knee is placed slightly ahead of their front foot.
• Elongated Start: The runner's kneeling knee is placed behind or aligned with the heel of their front foot.

Relay Races

• Relay Races: Four runners pass a baton between each other.
• Passing the Baton: Can be visual or non-visual.
• Baton Exchange: Must happen within a 20-meter passing zone, with the center marked.

Shot Put

• Thrower uses an iron/brass shot, starting in a standing position.
• Glide is performed to generate power.
• Three Recommended Glide Styles:
  • Hop: The thrower faces the end of the circle's diameter, hopping with their rear foot.
  • Parry O'Brien style: Thrower faces the opposite direction for a wider shoulder arc.
  • Revolving style: Thrower performs a pivot turn at the top of the circle.

Discus Throw

• Thrower uses a saucer-like discus, with a flat palm and fingers grasping the edge.
• Preliminary swing may precede release.
• Discus must spin clockwise, with the index finger releasing last.
• Two Recommended Styles:
  • 90 degrees style
  • Revolving style

Weights Specifications for Throwing Events

• Shot Put:
  • Men's weight: 7.60 kg
  • Women's weight: 4.00 kg
  • Diameter: 110-130 mm for men, 95-110 mm for women
• Discus Throw:
  • Men's weight: 2.00 kg
  • Women's weight: 1.00 kg
• Javelin Throw:
  • Men's weight: 800 g
  • Women's weight: 600 g
  • Men's length: 2.60-2.70 m
  • Women's length: 2.20-2.30 m

Basic Skills in Field Events

• Common Characteristics of Jumping Events:
  • Only one foot is used in the jump.
  • Somersaulting is not permitted.
  • Approach run builds speed from the take-off mark.
  • Jump initiates at a mark/take-off board, converting horizontal velocity upward/forward.
  • Landing occurs after the jump/bar clearance in a designated pit.

High Jump

• Four Recommended Styles:
  • Scissor Cut Style: Approach run from center/sides, lead leg at the bar center, body leans backward during clearance, landing with the lead leg.
  • Western Roll Style: Approach run from left/right side, inside foot for take-off, jumper reverses body by 180 degrees during clearance.
  • Belly Roll Style: Similar to Western Roll, but body reverses by 180 degrees during clearance.
  • Fosbury Style: Approach from center towards one upright post, take-off with outer foot, landing on shoulder.

Long Jump

• Jumper aims for maximum distance by building speed and converting horizontal velocity upward/forward.
• Foot must contact the take-off board.
• Two Recommended Styles:
  • Hang on the air: Maintaining a suspended position to delay landing.
  • Hitch kick: Taking steps airborne to cover more distance.

Triple Jump

• Combination of three jumps:
  • Hop: One-foot jump landing on the same foot.
  • Step: One-foot jump landing on the other foot.
  • Jump: One-foot jump landing on both feet.

Pole Vault

• Athletes use a pole to achieve height and clear a crossbar.

Throwing Events

• Common Requirements:
  • Approach run (javelin), glide (shot put), turn (discus)
  • Standing throwing position after approach.
• Skills:
  • Javelin: Pull from the back
  • Shot put: Push from the shoulder
  • Discus: Swing from the side
• Other Requirements:
  • Follow-through after release
  • Only one arm for throwing
  • Stepping beyond the circle/scratch line is a foul in javelin.
  • Exiting towards the rear half of the circle/scratch line after the throw.

Javelin Throw

• Fundamentals:
  • Standing throwing position
  • Javelin held in shoulder/underhand carry
  • Place one foot in front of the other
  • Bend upper body backwards, non-throwing arm bent at chest level
  • Release the javelin forward
• Throwing Styles:
  • Hop-change step: Hop followed by foot position exchange.
  • Rear cross: Stepping forward, crossing rear leg behind the front leg

Nature of Physical Education

• Alternative names:
  • Movement Education
  • Sports Education
  • Motor Education
  • Physical Fitness
  • Human Kinetics
• Currently, "Physical Education and Sports" is widely used.

Legal Basis for Teaching Physical Education and Sports

• Philippine Constitution (1987):
  • Article II, Section 17: State prioritizes education, sports, etc. to promote nationalism.
  • Article XIV, Section 19: State promotes physical education, encourages sports programs, and includes training for international competition to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and a healthy citizenry.
• Philippine Government Orders:
  • Proclamation Order No. 406: 1990 to 2001 declared "Decade of Physical Fitness and Sports."
  • Executive Order No. 63: Created National Physical Fitness and Sports Development Council.
  • Executive Order No. 64 : National Policy and Program of "Sports for All."
• International Declarations:
  • Article I, U.N.E.S.C.O.: Practice of physical education and sports is a fundamental right.
• Department of Education, Culture, and Sports (D.E.C.S.):
  • D.E.C.S. Order No. 84: Physical education and school sports are a priority.
• Philippine Law:
  • Republic Act 9155 - Basic Education Act of 2002: Physical fitness and school sports are part of basic education.
• United Nations:
  • United Nation Declaration: Declared 2005 as the International Year of Sports and Physical Education.

The Olympic Games

I. History of the Olympic Games

• Ancient Origins: Legends say the games originated with Heracles, who built the Olympic Stadium in honor of Zeus.
• Prehistoric Roots: Athletics has prehistoric roots, with running, jumping, and throwing integral to daily life and celebrations.
• The Homeric Age: The Olympics emerged during the Homeric age, beginning in 776 B.C., held every four years.

II. Modern Olympic Games

• Olympic Flame: Lit in Olympia, carried by runners in a relay to the host city for the opening ceremonies.
• Olympic Mascot: An animal or human figure representing the host country's heritage, used since 1968.
• Five Olympic Rings: Interconnected rings symbolize the unity of the five continents, adopted in 1913, debuted in 1920.
• Olympic Motto: "Citius, Altius, Fortius" (Faster, Higher, Stronger)
• Official Olympic Creed: The most important element of the Olympics is not winning but participating.

III. Athletics

• Definition: Athletics is a sport encompassing running, jumping, and throwing events.
• Brief Ancient History: Athletics has prehistoric roots, evolving from practical activities into formalized games and festivals in ancient Greece. They eventually evolved into the Olympic games.

Exercise and Fitness Terminology

Health-Related Fitness Terms

• Dehydration: Loss of excessive fluid from the body.
• Duration: Length of exercise.
• Dynamic Stretching: Stretching with bouncing and bobbing movements.
• Exercise Heart Rate: Heart rate needed for aerobic activity improvement.
• Frequency: Number of times per week one participates in physical activity.
• Gynoid Obesity: Feminine pattern of fat deposition in the hips, buttocks, and thighs.
• Health Promotion: Encouraging healthy lifestyle behaviors.
• Health-Related Fitness: Focuses on cardio respiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and lean body composition.
• Heart Rate Reserve (HRR): Difference between maximal heart rate and resting heart rate.
• Hypertension: High blood pressure.
• Hypothermia: Excessive heat loss from the body.
• Intensity: Amount of energy expended during exercise.
• Aschemia: Diminished blood flow to the heart.
• Lipids: "Fat."
• Maximal Heart Rate (MHR): Highest heart rate for a person, related to aerobic capacity.
• Myocardial Infarction: Heart attack.
• Obesity: Chronic disease with excess body fat.
• Overload: Subjecting body systems to greater physical demand for muscle development.
• Overtraining: Physiological and psychological staleness caused by exclusive exercise.
• Overweight: Excessive body weight for height.

Performance-Related Fitness Terms

• Performance-related fitness: enables proficiency in physical skills.
• Physical Activity: Physical movement with energy expenditure and health benefits.

Training Principles

• Progression: Increasing physical demands on the body.
• Specificity of Training: Training specific muscles for desired improvement.
• Static Stretching: Holding muscle positions for 15-30 seconds.
• Target Heart Rate: Heart rate during aerobic exercise for improvement.
• Ventilation: Air moved in and out of the lungs per minute.

Athletics

• History: Athletics is as old as history, with running, jumping, and throwing used in hunting and war.
• Early Use: Running was part of military training for the ancient Greeks, Persians, and Romans.
• Contests: Contests for speed, strength, and agility emerged, including the first recorded Olympic Games (approx. 776 B.C.) which featured a 205-meter footrace.
• Additional Events: Over time, other events were added (long jump, javelin throw, hammer throw, triple jump).
• Informal Events: These events evolved from informal sports days in Ireland, England, and Scotland.
• Popular 18th and 19th Centuries: Sprinting and distance running were popular, evolving into organized competitions with professional participants and betting.

Athletics Development Factors

• Increased Competition, especially in Europe
• Improved Training Methods: Strength training with weights, synthetic tracks, fiberglass vaulting poles.
• The Fosbury Flop: Increased jump height significantly.
• Athlete Earnings: Opportunities to earn money through product endorsements and invitational events.

Current Athletics Champions

• Men: Carl Lewis (USA, sprinting), Edwin Moses (USA, hurdles), Said Aouita (Morocco, distance), Sebastian Coe (Great Britain, distance), Sergey Bubka (Soviet Union, pole vault), and Daley Thompson (Great Britain, decathlon).
• Women: Marita Koch (East Germany, sprinting), Heike Drechsler (East Germany, sprinting & long jump), Florence Griffith Joyner (USA, sprinting), and Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA, long jump & heptathlon).
• Asia: Lydia de Vega (Philippines) was Asia's fastest woman for nearly a decade.

Different Kinds of Heart Rate

• Resting Heart Rate: Heart rate at rest, ideally measured right after waking up.
• Theoretical Maximal Heart Rate (THMR): Highest heart rate attainable.
• Personal Maximal Heart Rate (PMHR): Computed from THMR based on age.
• Training Heart Rate (THR): 60-80% of PMHR.
• Recovery Heart Rate (RHR): Heart rate 90 seconds after training, to assess the need for overload.

Definitions

• Play: To take part in a game or games.
• Game: Contest played according to rules.
• Sports: Games or competitive activities involving physical exertion and skills.

Test your knowledge on starting positions, relay races, shot put techniques, and discus throw fundamentals in athletics. This quiz covers various styles and key elements necessary for a successful athletic performance. Perfect for athletes and coaches looking to enhance their understanding of these events.