Podcast
Questions and Answers
In racial discourse and theory, what do the terms 'white' and 'whiteness' refer to?
In racial discourse and theory, what do the terms 'white' and 'whiteness' refer to?
How does Robin DiAngelo define 'White Fragility'?
How does Robin DiAngelo define 'White Fragility'?
A lack of racial stamina
Research shows that a sense of white superiority and knowledge of racial power codes appears to develop as early as high school.
Research shows that a sense of white superiority and knowledge of racial power codes appears to develop as early as high school.
False
What manifestation of White Fragility does DiAngelo note that Eduardo Bonilla-Silva documents?
What manifestation of White Fragility does DiAngelo note that Eduardo Bonilla-Silva documents?
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Using Tolkien's own accounts of the relation between Middle-earth and this world, what does Butler argue is the connection?
Using Tolkien's own accounts of the relation between Middle-earth and this world, what does Butler argue is the connection?
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What is the process called where integral elements of a fiction get dispersed across multiple channels for a unified entertainment experience?
What is the process called where integral elements of a fiction get dispersed across multiple channels for a unified entertainment experience?
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Transmedia stories are almost always based on what?
Transmedia stories are almost always based on what?
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How does Jenkins describe convergence?
How does Jenkins describe convergence?
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What functions does most transmedia content serve?
What functions does most transmedia content serve?
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What does Jenkins argue about interactivity and participation?
What does Jenkins argue about interactivity and participation?
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What is the industrial response to the heightened value of interactivity and play for audiences?
What is the industrial response to the heightened value of interactivity and play for audiences?
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According to Marshall, how does narrative define audiences in the new intertextual commodity?
According to Marshall, how does narrative define audiences in the new intertextual commodity?
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What do Littleton and Steinberg note about the sale of 21st Century Fox assets to Disney?
What do Littleton and Steinberg note about the sale of 21st Century Fox assets to Disney?
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What did Kathleen Kennedy announce that irked some longtime fans after taking over as president of Lucasfilm, Ltd.?
What did Kathleen Kennedy announce that irked some longtime fans after taking over as president of Lucasfilm, Ltd.?
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How has Lucasfilm's licensing business sought to broaden the base of customers for Star Wars products?
How has Lucasfilm's licensing business sought to broaden the base of customers for Star Wars products?
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Who does Henry Jenkins and Sam Ford argue are at the forefront of using technology for participatory fan activities?
Who does Henry Jenkins and Sam Ford argue are at the forefront of using technology for participatory fan activities?
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What does Brown observe about political activism and fan protests?
What does Brown observe about political activism and fan protests?
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Why are civic struggles over popular culture forms like Star Wars important social battlegrounds?
Why are civic struggles over popular culture forms like Star Wars important social battlegrounds?
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What does Brown assert about the character Rey in the Star Wars series?
What does Brown assert about the character Rey in the Star Wars series?
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What was revealed about the lack of Rey merchandise for The Force Awakens?
What was revealed about the lack of Rey merchandise for The Force Awakens?
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Why did Disney buy the Star Wars and Marvel universes according to Brown?
Why did Disney buy the Star Wars and Marvel universes according to Brown?
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What shifted the #wheresRey protests to a form of resistant commodity activism?
What shifted the #wheresRey protests to a form of resistant commodity activism?
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What concept does Brown argue may be the most successful method to encourage change in a media-dominated world?
What concept does Brown argue may be the most successful method to encourage change in a media-dominated world?
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What did Brown note about Disney's merchandising strategy for Rogue One?
What did Brown note about Disney's merchandising strategy for Rogue One?
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How does Ann Larabee argue that Rey can be understood?
How does Ann Larabee argue that Rey can be understood?
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What does Jonathan Gray say about a paratext associated with a TV show or film?
What does Jonathan Gray say about a paratext associated with a TV show or film?
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What key role did Star Wars action figures play in the franchise's narrative meaning?
What key role did Star Wars action figures play in the franchise's narrative meaning?
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How did Star Wars toys contribute to the gendering of the Star Wars universe?
How did Star Wars toys contribute to the gendering of the Star Wars universe?
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What is a common difference between films or TV shows and licensed videogames?
What is a common difference between films or TV shows and licensed videogames?
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What are the three modes of narratives recognized by Linda Hutcheon?
What are the three modes of narratives recognized by Linda Hutcheon?
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How was the character Constable Zuvio introduced to Star Wars fans?
How was the character Constable Zuvio introduced to Star Wars fans?
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What does Pablo Hidalgo note about creativity in designing aliens for Star Wars?
What does Pablo Hidalgo note about creativity in designing aliens for Star Wars?
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Why did Zuvio become prominent in toys and prerelease hype for The Force Awakens?
Why did Zuvio become prominent in toys and prerelease hype for The Force Awakens?
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What issue does Joshua M. Patton take with the original Return of the Jedi?
What issue does Joshua M. Patton take with the original Return of the Jedi?
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What has been historically absent from the study and analysis of racial imagery according to Richard Dyer?
What has been historically absent from the study and analysis of racial imagery according to Richard Dyer?
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What consequences arise when race is only applied to non-white people according to Dyer?
What consequences arise when race is only applied to non-white people according to Dyer?
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What do Hazel Carby and Dyer observe about whiteness?
What do Hazel Carby and Dyer observe about whiteness?
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What does Dyer suggest about studying whiteness?
What does Dyer suggest about studying whiteness?
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What was the original purpose behind creating the Twitter hashtag #blackstormtrooper?
What was the original purpose behind creating the Twitter hashtag #blackstormtrooper?
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What is the alt-right strategy behind cultural incidents like civil rights complaints over screenings?
What is the alt-right strategy behind cultural incidents like civil rights complaints over screenings?
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Who first articulated the concept of authorship in cinema?
Who first articulated the concept of authorship in cinema?
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What did Andrew Sarris introduce into American critical discourse?
What did Andrew Sarris introduce into American critical discourse?
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What did the success of Bonnie and Clyde and The Graduate say about American moviegoers?
What did the success of Bonnie and Clyde and The Graduate say about American moviegoers?
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What term defines the trend toward fewer films with increased marketing budgets?
What term defines the trend toward fewer films with increased marketing budgets?
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Who is recognized as the mentor of the 1970s auteur directors?
Who is recognized as the mentor of the 1970s auteur directors?
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Which film is considered the first great blockbuster of the 1970s?
Which film is considered the first great blockbuster of the 1970s?
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Who won first prize in a student film festival while studying at USC?
Who won first prize in a student film festival while studying at USC?
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What film transformed film into an event through a savvy media campaign?
What film transformed film into an event through a savvy media campaign?
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What was seen as a boon to experimentation for directors in the late 60s?
What was seen as a boon to experimentation for directors in the late 60s?
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What was combined with saturation booking and media campaigns by the end of the 70s?
What was combined with saturation booking and media campaigns by the end of the 70s?
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What term best characterizes Hollywood since the late 1940s?
What term best characterizes Hollywood since the late 1940s?
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During what period does Schatz locate the 'New Hollywood'?
During what period does Schatz locate the 'New Hollywood'?
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Which development was not a dimension of the mid-1970s relationship between film and television?
Which development was not a dimension of the mid-1970s relationship between film and television?
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What 1977 film soundtrack suggested the multimedia potential of Hollywood hits?
What 1977 film soundtrack suggested the multimedia potential of Hollywood hits?
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Star Wars represents a shift in film narrative toward all these aesthetics except?
Star Wars represents a shift in film narrative toward all these aesthetics except?
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What contributed to the increase in production and marketing costs for major studio releases from 1980 to 1990?
What contributed to the increase in production and marketing costs for major studio releases from 1980 to 1990?
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Which strategy is not employed by Hollywood studios to combat the business axiom, 'Nobody knows anything'?
Which strategy is not employed by Hollywood studios to combat the business axiom, 'Nobody knows anything'?
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Whose paycheck for a 1983 film is blamed for escalating star salaries?
Whose paycheck for a 1983 film is blamed for escalating star salaries?
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Which class of movie doesn't belong in Schatz's composition of New Hollywood?
Which class of movie doesn't belong in Schatz's composition of New Hollywood?
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What buzzword does Schatz argue was defined by Spielberg?
What buzzword does Schatz argue was defined by Spielberg?
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What does Campbell argue about dreams and myths?
What does Campbell argue about dreams and myths?
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According to Campbell, what is the hero's deed?
According to Campbell, what is the hero's deed?
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What does the comparison of the Book of Genesis illustrate?
What does the comparison of the Book of Genesis illustrate?
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What are the common ideas for myths?
What are the common ideas for myths?
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How does Campbell consider mythology?
How does Campbell consider mythology?
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According to Campbell, the stories of Paul Bunyan are a myth.
According to Campbell, the stories of Paul Bunyan are a myth.
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Why do creative works grounded in mythology resonate well with people?
Why do creative works grounded in mythology resonate well with people?
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What does Campbell argue about the representation of myths?
What does Campbell argue about the representation of myths?
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What represents life as a battle between good and evil according to Campbell?
What represents life as a battle between good and evil according to Campbell?
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What is the hero's sphere of action?
What is the hero's sphere of action?
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What significant change in filmmaking was initiated by the intensification of special effects practices?
What significant change in filmmaking was initiated by the intensification of special effects practices?
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Which film influenced young filmmakers like Francis Ford Coppola when hiring?
Which film influenced young filmmakers like Francis Ford Coppola when hiring?
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How did experimental filmmakers of the 1970s differ in their presentation of effects?
How did experimental filmmakers of the 1970s differ in their presentation of effects?
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Which technique is not associated with experimental filmmaking?
Which technique is not associated with experimental filmmaking?
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At which school did many pioneering special effects artists study or teach?
At which school did many pioneering special effects artists study or teach?
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What strategies did West Coast experimental art movements provide to filmmakers?
What strategies did West Coast experimental art movements provide to filmmakers?
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Which term describes how experimental techniques informed illusion and spaces?
Which term describes how experimental techniques informed illusion and spaces?
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How did experimental filmmakers transform spatial relations within the frame?
How did experimental filmmakers transform spatial relations within the frame?
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Why were experimental filmmakers frustrated during early ILM days?
Why were experimental filmmakers frustrated during early ILM days?
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How did critics describe the impact of special effects in films?
How did critics describe the impact of special effects in films?
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What observation does North make about Jar Jar Binks?
What observation does North make about Jar Jar Binks?
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What does North mean by special effects as a type of 'digression'?
What does North mean by special effects as a type of 'digression'?
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What is an ambivalent attitude toward technology?
What is an ambivalent attitude toward technology?
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Why might Lucas have kept a sequence of a stormtrooper bumping his head?
Why might Lucas have kept a sequence of a stormtrooper bumping his head?
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What has Lucas's fondness for adjusting the Star Wars master text resulted in?
What has Lucas's fondness for adjusting the Star Wars master text resulted in?
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How does Jar Jar's presence in the prequels illustrate the waning of the indexical?
How does Jar Jar's presence in the prequels illustrate the waning of the indexical?
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What approach has digitization led to in filmmaking?
What approach has digitization led to in filmmaking?
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What makes Jar Jar appear out of place?
What makes Jar Jar appear out of place?
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What does the virtual actor represent?
What does the virtual actor represent?
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How does Jar Jar differ from digital Yoda?
How does Jar Jar differ from digital Yoda?
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What is one of Tolkien's significant contributions to fiction writing?
What is one of Tolkien's significant contributions to fiction writing?
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For a Secondary World to be successful, it must evoke what?
For a Secondary World to be successful, it must evoke what?
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What are the three desired aspects of an invented world as per Tolkien?
What are the three desired aspects of an invented world as per Tolkien?
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Study Notes
Film Authorship and Theories
- François Truffaut emphasized the concept of authorship in cinema through his 1954 essay, laying the groundwork for discussions on directorial vision.
- Andrew Sarris popularized the "Auteur Theory," which recognized directors as the primary authors of their films, distinguishing their unique artistic styles.
Audience Shifts and Film Trends
- The films Bonnie and Clyde and The Graduate marked a significant shift, indicating that late-60s audiences favored visually arresting and thematically rich narratives, often drawn from their TV experiences.
- Cook identified the "Blockbuster Syndrome," reflecting a trend where fewer films were produced at higher budgets, necessitating significant marketing efforts, illustrated by iconic releases like Jaws and Star Wars.
Influential Directors and Films
- Francis Ford Coppola, celebrated for films like The Godfather and Apocalypse Now, is regarded as a mentor to the 1970s auteur directors known as "Hollywood brats."
- The Godfather, initially planned as a modest production, revolutionized blockbusters in cinema during the 1970s, blending artistry with mainstream appeal.
New Hollywood and Rating Systems
- Thomas Schatz identified "New Hollywood" beginning in 1975, characterized by a unique blend of artistic creativity and commercial viability, evident in films like Jaws that transformed movie marketing.
- The MPAA Rating System, established in the late 60s, allowed more experimentation in film content, which led to controversy as seen with Midnight Cowboy’s X rating.
Marketing and Distribution Evolution
- By the late 70s, promotional strategies became integral to film distribution, combining auteur recognition with extensive national media campaigns.
- The term "High Concept," coined by Schatz, describes films that can be succinctly summarized, aiding in marketing and audience recognition.
Mythology in Cinema
- Joseph Campbell posited that myths express universal truths, with the hero's journey representing a move away from comfort to discover new experiences.
- Myths, viewed as collective dreams, transcend cultures, a concept illustrated by similarities in mythological themes across different traditions.
Experimental Filmmaking and Special Effects
- The late 70s marked a significant shift in special effects, as filmmakers like Coppola and Lucas began integrating them into storytelling rather than using them merely as enhancements.
- California Institute of the Arts played a pivotal role in shaping filmmakers who contributed to the evolution of special effects in the industry.
Digital Characters and Cinema Trends
- Jar Jar Binks exemplifies modern digital characters that blend narrative and marketing, revealing a divergence from traditional cinematic grounding, while Yoda represents a more consistent digital character aligned with established traits.
- Digitization has introduced modular filmmaking practices, where separate elements can be manipulated independently, enabling a unique approach to film production.
World-Building in Fiction
- J.R.R. Tolkien's contribution to fiction is the idea of the "sub-creator," emphasizing the importance of crafting believable worlds through depth, detail, and consistency.
- Transmedia storytelling, as described by Henry Jenkins, involves distributing narrative elements across various media platforms to create a cohesive entertainment experience, exemplified by franchise models like Marvel.
Conclusion on Technology and Cinema
- The ambivalent relationship towards technology in films illustrates the balance between tradition and innovation, as seen in the dynamics of classic genres and modern sci-fi storytelling in franchises like Star Wars.### Media Change and Transmedia Storytelling
- Emergence of new media forms and adaptation of existing ones characterize current media evolution.
- A model outlines media change through layering, diversification, and interconnectedness.
Functions of Transmedia Content
- Transmedia enables audience connection through multiple narratives, enhancing backstory and world mapping.
- It provides varied character perspectives and deepens audience engagement.
Multimodality in Transmedia
- Transmedia narratives combine radical intertextuality and multimodality to enhance understanding.
- Various media forms allow fans to engage with narratives uniquely.
Interactivity vs. Participation
- Interactivity relates to technology properties; participation reflects cultural aspects.
- Examples include gaming interactivity and cultural fan activities like dressing up as characters.
Industrial Response to Interactivity
- The rise of interactivity and play in popular culture is a response to audience expectations.
- New media channels like video games and interactive websites redefine audience engagement.
Value of Cultural Commodities
- A film's worth as a cultural commodity hinges on its marketing and product tie-ins.
- The ability to generate sequels or merchandise influences cultural impact.
Patterns of Intertextuality
- Marshall identifies four intertextual styles including game-film-game and multimedia events.
- Game adaptations showcase the shift of video game narratives to film and back.
Blockbuster Influence
- The intertextual commodity's most significant developments stem from blockbuster films.
- Notable examples include The Last Jedi and its franchise expansions.
Concept of Play in Culture
- Play is central in culture industries, driving audience engagement in narratives.
- It reflects societal trends and participatory culture ideals.
Promoting Immersion in Film
- Successful narratives like The Blair Witch Project utilize video game-like immersion techniques.
- Audience agency through gameplay transforms narrative experience.
Shift in Audience Pleasure
- Viewing pleasure has evolved from mere narrative consumption to participatory involvement.
- The role of "user" has redefined engagement with popular media.
Media Economics and Content Acquisition
- Disney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox highlights uncertainty in traditional media economics amid digital shifts.
- The evolution of cable television due to "cord-cutting" reflects changing viewership.
Lucasfilm's Story Canon Decisions
- Kathleen Kennedy's canon policy excludes non-canon sources, uniting the narrative across major Star Wars media.
- This decision was controversial among long-time fans.
Broadening Star Wars Brand Appeal
- Lucasfilm's marketing strategies aim to attract a diverse audience, expanding beyond traditional demographics.
- Promotions now include apparel and high-end products targeting girls and adults.
Female Fan Engagement
- Female fans play a pivotal role in participatory culture, often challenging male-centric narratives.
- Their activism fosters inclusivity and diversity within fandoms.
Political Activism in Popular Culture
- Fan movements like #wheresRey exemplify resistance against dominant cultural narratives.
- Political themes resonate through media, making cultural struggles significant social battlegrounds.
Rey as a Non-Gendered Hero
- Rey's portrayal in Star Wars emphasizes a character form unbound by traditional gender roles.
- Celebrated as a groundbreaking example in contemporary media.
Disney Merchandise and Gender Perceptions
- Initial lack of merchandise for female characters demonstrates biases in marketing strategies.
- Efforts to counter this emerged post-fan activism and protests.
Consumer Citizenship and Activism
- Consumer behaviors influence corporate practices and accountability in media representation.
- Activism encourages a change in production and marketing approaches.
Paratext and its Role in Narratives
- Paratexts can become primary narratives, enhancing viewer engagement and interactivity.
- Specific campaigns (e.g., The Dark Knight's ARG) build excitement and community.
Star Wars Toys as Cultural Narratives
- Action figures sustain narrative engagement, keeping the franchise alive between film releases.
- They reinforce themes like war and good versus evil.
Gendering of Star Wars Merchandise
- Star Wars toy marketing is historically biased towards boys, reinforcing gender norms.
- Packaging and advertising reflect cultural expectations regarding gender roles.
Video Games vs. Film Narrative Structures
- Videogames often prioritize gameplay and exploration over traditional narratives.
- Interaction takes precedence, redefining audience experience.
Modes of Narratives in Video Games
- Linda Hutcheon identifies participatory narratives as vital in modern storytelling.
- Gamers engage deeply with story worlds, transcending traditional viewer roles.
Merchandising Events and Character Introductions
- Force Friday serves as a marketing tool that introduces new characters through merchandise.
- This event builds anticipation before film releases.
Whiteness and Racial Imagery Analysis
- Historically, white representations have been overlooked in racial imagery discussions.
- Recognizing whiteness as an ideological concept is essential for understanding racial dynamics.
Impacts of 'White Fragility'
- White fragility reflects a lack of exposure to racial discourse, impacting awareness and understanding.
- The concept indicates a need for deeper engagement with race issues early in education.
Social Processes of Racial Identities
- Racial categories are fluid and socially constructed, reflecting broader societal relations.
- The analysis of whiteness must evolve beyond conventional norms to understand its implications fully.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the concept of authorship in cinema with this ASU FMS394 mod quiz. Discover key figures and ideas that shaped film criticism, particularly the politique des auteurs. Perfect for students exploring film studies and critical theory.