استيراد وتصدير التجارة

Importing and Exporting

• Importing: Acquiring goods from other countries.
• Exporting: Selling goods to other countries.
• Free Trade: Trade between countries without restrictions.
• Benefits of Free Trade: Increased production, lower prices, economic growth, more products available.
• Disadvantages of Free Trade: Job losses in some sectors, loss of competitiveness for some businesses, pressure to lower prices.
• Comparative Advantage: Specializing in producing goods where a country is most efficient.
• Absolute Advantage: A country uniquely or more efficiently produces a specific product.
• Balance of Trade (BOT): The difference between exports and imports over a period.
• Trade Surplus: Exports exceed imports.
• Trade Deficit: Imports exceed exports.
• Balance of Payments (BOP): The difference between earnings from exports and spending on imports.
• Dumping: Selling products in another country below cost.

Entering Global Markets

• Licensing: Allowing another company to use a brand for a fee.
• Franchising: Granting another business to operate under a brand name and business model.
• Benefits of Licensing/Franchising: Lower establishment costs, faster market expansion.
• Export Assistance Centers (EAC): Support small/medium-sized businesses with exporting.
• Export Trading Companies (ETC): Facilitate indirect export activities.
• Contract Manufacturing: Hiring a foreign manufacturer to produce goods for a company.
• Joint Ventures: Collaboration between two or more companies.
• Benefits of Joint Ventures: Sharing resources, technology, and risks; gaining better market access.
• Strategic Alliances: Long-term partnerships for capital, resources, or knowledge sharing.
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Purchasing a permanent business interest in a foreign country (acquiring facilities or property).
• Foreign Subsidiary: A business owned and controlled by a company in a different country.
• Multinational Corporation: Operating in multiple countries.
• Sovereign Wealth Funds: Government-controlled funds for investment and economic development.

Forces Affecting Global Trade

• Cultural Factors: Language, religion, and beliefs.
• Exchange Rates: Money used when changing from one currency to another.
• Devaluation: Lowering the value of a currency.
• Countertrading: Trading goods for goods without money.
• Legal Factors: Varying laws across countries.
• Environmental Factors: Hurdles faced in international shipping.
• Trade Protectionism: Limiting imports.
• Tariffs: Taxes on imported goods.
• Import Quotas: Restrictions on the quantity of imported goods.
• Embargoes: Bans on trade with a specific country or product.
• GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade): A previous agreement to lower trade barriers.
• Common Market: A region with common tariffs, regulations, and policies.