Astronomy Chapter on Asteroids and Spectra
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Astronomy Chapter on Asteroids and Spectra

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Questions and Answers

Which type of spectrum is produced by a luminous solid or liquid?

  • Continuous Spectrum (correct)
  • Emission Spectrum
  • Line Spectrum
  • Absorption Spectrum

    • Absorption lines occur at wavelengths that differ from the emission lines of a gas.

    False

    What instrument is used to analyze radiation?

    Spectroscope

    The pattern of light emitted by a gas of a given chemical composition is referred to as an __________.

    <p>Emission Spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of spectrum with their descriptions:

    <p>Continuous Spectrum = Observe rainbow of colors without interruptions Absorption Spectrum = Leaves dark absorption lines superimposed on the continuous spectrum Emission Spectrum = A few narrow well-defined lines with a black background Doppler Effect = Shifts in frequency due to motion of the observer or object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the mass of a planet?

    <p>Newton's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All planets in the solar system lie on different planes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the angular size of a planet?

    <p>It is used to determine the radius of the planet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Sun occupies _____ of the solar system.

    <p>99.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Kepler's Law = Determines distance to planets Newton's Law = Defines mass of celestial bodies Titius-Bode Law = Describes spacing of planets' orbits Angular size = Helps measure the radius of a planet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the majority of asteroids found?

    <p>In the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The largest asteroid, Ceres, has a radius of 580 km.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of asteroids are dark and carbonaceous?

    <p>C-type asteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The asteroid belt is located between the orbits of ______ and ______.

    <p>Mars, Jupiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following asteroid types with their characteristics:

    <p>C-type = Carbonaceous, dark S-type = Silicate (rocky) M-type = Metallic; iron and nickel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Trojan asteroids known for?

    <p>Orbiting at the L4 and L5 points of Jupiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More than 10,000 asteroids have been identified and cataloged.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the asteroids that exhibit signs of volcanism.

    <p>Vesta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected lifespan of Halley's comet?

    <p>40,000 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comets move in perfectly circular paths around the Sun.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What law did Edmund Halley apply to predict the return of Halley's comet?

    <p>Newton's law of gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Typical cometary mass ranges from _____ to _____ kg.

    <p>10^12 to 10^16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a comet each time it gets close to the Sun?

    <p>It loses material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following comets with their characteristics:

    <p>Halley's Comet = Smaller orbital path and shorter period than most comets Comet LINEAR = Disintegrated violently during its approach Comet Giacobini–Zinner = Has a primarily ion tail Comet Hale–Bopp = Has both an ion tail and a dust tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ion tail of a comet points towards the Sun.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the hydrogen envelope of a comet as it approaches the Sun?

    <p>It becomes larger than the visible extent of the comet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does dust play in the formation of planets?

    <p>It aids in cooling warm matter by radiating heat away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mercury rotates on its axis once for every two revolutions around the Sun.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a significant feature of Mercury that is several kilometers high.

    <p>Scarp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are classified as __________ planets.

    <p>terrestrial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Caloris Basin = A large impact feature on Mercury Retrograde rotation = Rotation opposite to the planet's orbit Atmosphere = Layer of gases surrounding a celestial body Sidereal day = Time taken for a planet to rotate once on its axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about Venus?

    <p>Venus is known as the Morning or Evening Star.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thickness of Venus' atmosphere allows its surface to be easily observed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows gas and dust to come together to form planets?

    <p>gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source that heats the Earth's interior?

    <p>Radioactive decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Earth's crust solidified approximately 700 million years after its formation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main elements present in the Van Allen Belts?

    <p>Protons and electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Earth's magnetosphere was discovered by __________ in the late 1950s.

    <p>artificial satellites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following locations in the Van Allen Belts to their characteristics:

    <p>Inner Belt = Catching heavier protons, located about 3,000 km above Earth Outer Belt = Catching mostly electrons, located about 20,000 km above Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the Earth's magnetosphere?

    <p>It extends far beyond the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The North and South Poles of the Earth's magnetic field are fixed locations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Earth's temperature as it cools over time?

    <p>It gets lower and lower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Observing the Local Sky

    • Stars, planets, and the moon are visible to the naked eye at night.
    • People of various cultures named star patterns as constellations.
    • Early astronomers used constellations for navigation and calendars.
    • Today's astronomers use constellations to define large areas of the sky.
    • The apparent movement of constellations across the sky is due to Earth's rotation.
    • Stars appear to be firmly attached to a celestial sphere surrounding Earth, but this is an illusion.
    • Stars' actual distances can vary greatly within a constellation.
    • The celestial sphere lets us visualize the position of stars.

    Circling the Sky

    • The sky appears to change as Earth rotates
    • We view the local sky from a specific location.
    • Angles are used to locate objects in the local sky.
    • Altitude and azimuth are two angles needed to locate any object.
    • Altitude represents elevation, and azimuth is direction.
    • The meridian is an imaginary half-circle extending from North through Zenith to South.
    • The horizon is where the sky meets the Earth.

    Celestial Coordinate System

    • The local sky can be extended to encompass the entire Earth.
    • The altitude-azimuth system can describe any object in the local sky's coordinates.
    • The geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) provide the location on Earth.

    Motion of Objects in the Sky

    • The sky changes during the day.
    • Stars move in a circular or semi-circular path.
    • Circumpolar stars never rise or set.
    • Non-circumpolar stars rise in the east and set in the west.
    • Paths of the sun, moon, and planets follow the rules of sky motion.

    The Reason for Seasons

    • The sun's apparent path across the sky varies throughout the year, due to the Earth's tilt.
    • The Earth's tilted axis and orbit around the Sun create the seasons.
    • Solstices and equinoxes mark the maximum and minimum heights of the Sun.

    The Precession of Earth's Axis

    • Earth's axis of rotation slowly changes its orientation over a period of ~26,000 years
    • It is caused by gravitational forces from the Sun and Moon.

    The Moon: Our Constant Companion

    • The moon orbits the Earth.
    • We see different portions of the moon illuminated by the sun (phases).
    • The moon's phases are due to its position relative to the Earth and Sun.
    • The relative orbital motions of the Earth/Moon/Sun cause eclipses.

    Solar Eclipses and Celestial Timekeeping

    • Solar eclipses occur when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, casting a shadow on Earth.
    • Synodic and sidereal periods are used to measure the Moon's orbit.
    • A solar day is defined by the position of the Sun, while a sidereal day is measured relative to a distant star.
    • Earth's period of rotation (sidereal day) is slightly shorter than its orbital period (solar day).

    Electromagnetic Radiation

    • Electromagnetic energy is transferred through space without any physical movement.
    • The EM spectrum includes visible light, radio waves, infrared, and ultraviolet waves, among others.
    • Properties of objects emit EM radiation that can be measured and analyzed to determine their nature.
    • Some properties of light include wavelength, frequency, color, and other characteristics.

    Light and Its Properties

    • Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
    • Light waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
    • Light can be described using wavelengths and frequencies.
    • Light's properties are determined by the wavelength.
    • The visible spectrum of light contains all the colors that are visible to human eyes.
    • Other properties include the frequency and wave intensity of the light.

    Charged Particles

    • Charged particles have mass and electric charge.
    • Electrons and protons are fundamental particles of atoms.
    • These fundamental particles carry the basic unit of electric charge.

    Transmission of Electric Force

    • Electric fields and magnetic fields are linked.
    • Moving charges create magnetic fields.
    • Variations in the electric field carry information from a distant source.

    Thermal Radiation

    • All objects emit radiation at all temperatures.
    • The amount and types of radiation depend on the temperature of the object.
    • A black body is a hypothetical object that absorbs all incoming radiation.
    • The amount and types of emitted radiation can characterize the material, properties and temperature of an object.

    Doppler Effect

    • The Doppler effect describes the change in wave frequency emitted by a moving source.
    • When a source is moving relative to an observer, the apparent wavelength changes.
    • This effect is useful in astronomy for measuring the motion of celestial objects.

    Spectroscopy

    • Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of light with matter.
    • It involves using instruments to split light into its component wavelengths (colors).
    • The spectrum of an object reveals information about its physical state, chemical composition, and temperature.

    Atomic Structure

    • Atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
    • Energy levels of electrons determine the spectrum of emitted lights (color).

    Telescopes

    • Telescopes collect light from distant objects.
    • Types of telescopes include refracting (lenses) and reflecting (mirrors).
    • Refracting telescopes use lenses to bend light.
    • Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to focus light.
    • Factors like size, aperture, and optical type influence a telescope.

    Resolution of Telescopes

    • Resolution refers to the ability of a telescope to distinguish objects that appear close together.
    • Factors such as telescope size, light wavelength, and atmospheric conditions affect resolution.

    High Resolution Observation

    • The atmosphere can blur images of distant objects.
    • To compensate for atmospheric blurring, adaptive optics adjusts telescope mirrors in real time
    • The resolving power of a telescope is dependent on wavelength and size.

    Radio Astronomy

    • Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation.
    • Radio telescopes use antennas instead of reflecting mirrors to detect radiation.
    • Radio waves penetrate the atmosphere, and observations can be made 24 hours a day, regardless of the weather

    Inner Planets

    • The inner planets are composed primarily of rocks, metals, and silicates.
    • They are relatively small compared to the outer planets.
    • They have few moons, if any.
    • They have relatively high densities.

    Jovian Planets

    • Jovian planets are composed primarily of hydrogen, helium, and other gases.
    • These planets are relatively large compared to the inner planets.
    • They have many moons.
    • They have low densities.

    Summary of the Solar System

    • The solar system consists of the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids, and other small bodies.
    • The planets orbit the Sun in approximately the same plane, and they orbit in the same direction.
    • Their relative distances from the Sun vary.

    Main Structure of the Solar System

    • Terrestrial planets (inner planets)
    • Jovian planets (outer planets)
    • Small bodies (asteroids, comets, meteoroids)
    • Differences in composition and properties between types of planets.

    Asteroids

    • Asteroids are small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
    • They are remnants of the early solar system.
    • Kirkwood gaps are spaces where asteroids are less numerous.

    Comets

    • Comets are icy bodies that orbit the Sun.
    • Their orbits can be highly elliptical.
    • They exhibit a tail when near or close to the Sun, formed by heated material.
    • Comets may reside beyond the farthest planets in the Oort cloud or in the Kuiper belt.
    • Short-period comets originate in the Kuiper belt; long-period comets originate in the Oort cloud.

    Meteors

    • Meteors are fragments of interplanetary debris that vaporize as they enter Earth's atmosphere.
    • Meteor showers originate from the debris left in Earth's path by passing comets.

    Formation of the Solar System

    • The solar system formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust.
    • The central region compressed to form the Sun; the remaining material formed into planets.

    Earth's Interiors

    • Earth has layers with different densities, compositions (rock type), and pressure.
    • Density differences in Earth's layers resulted from the differentiation process
    • Gravity, heat from radioactive decay, and early planet impacts drove the early Earth's melting

    Earth's Magnetosphere

    • A magnetic field protects Earth from harmful particles.
    • The magnetosphere extends far beyond Earth's atmosphere.
    • Charged particles from the sun are trapped in the van Allen belts.
    • Auroras are caused when charged particles interact with gases in Earth's upper atmosphere.

    Tides

    • The gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun affect the Earth's oceans, causing tides.
    • The Moon's gravity exerts a greater pull on the side of Earth closest to it
    • Earth bulges outward in the direction of the Moon, causing a tidal bulge.

    Earth's Rotation and Revolution

    • Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the Sun.
    • Earth's rotation causes the apparent daily motion of the sky.
    • Earth's revolution around the Sun causes the variation of daily sunlight and the appearance of the seasons.

    Atmosphere

    • Gases that envelope the Earth.
    • Chemical composition of the atmosphere affects temperature
    • The atmosphere's composition determines the planet's thermal properties.

    External Factors

    • Density differences, temperature, and internal structure affect a planet's interior
    • Volcanic eruptions, Meteoroid impacts and other external factors affect the evolution of a planet's surface.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge with this quiz focused on astronomical concepts related to asteroids, planetary mass, and the types of spectra produced by different celestial bodies. Questions cover matching types of spectra to their descriptions and understanding asteroid characteristics. Dive into the fascinating world of astrophysics and discover more about our solar system!

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