Astronomical Research Types
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Questions and Answers

Which research type is specifically focused on improving the efficiency of a particular productive sector by enhancing its processes or machinery?

  • Theoretical Research
  • Exploratory Research
  • Scientific Applied Research
  • Technological Applied Research (correct)

    • Which type of research is most closely related to descriptive research and aims to identify cause-and-effect relationships?

  • Exploratory research
  • Qualitative research
  • Explanatory research (correct)
  • Correlational research

    • Which research approach emphasizes the collection of data to identify patterns, particularly when dealing with understudied phenomena?

  • Correlational research
  • Exploratory research (correct)
  • Explanatory research
  • Descriptive research

    • Which research approach focuses on defining the characteristics of a phenomenon without investigating its underlying causes?

    <p>Descriptive research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research approach is most likely to use tools like discourse analysis, interviews, surveys, and participant observations?

    <p>Qualitative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research approach aims to identify the relationship between two or more variables?

    <p>Correlational research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research approach emphasizes the use of mathematical, statistical, and computer-aided tools to analyze quantitative data?

    <p>Quantitative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following research approaches is most likely to use participant observation as a data collection method?

    <p>Qualitative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research approach is most likely to use surveys and questionnaires to gather data?

    <p>Quantitative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of a case study?

    <p>To analyze a specific case in detail and context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is a defining characteristic of grounded theory?

    <p>Employing constant comparative analysis during data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key focuses of historical research?

    <p>Interpreting past events to inform present understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle addresses the need for informed consent in research?

    <p>Principle of Respect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should researchers consider regarding data gathering in ethical terms?

    <p>The necessity of ensuring distribution of risks and benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect must be included in the principle of beneficence during research?

    <p>Ensuring participants face minimal or no harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consideration for ethical data gathering?

    <p>Access to data without permission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of an aide-mémoire in a research interview?

    <p>To ensure that all participants are aware of the key topics to be discussed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided text, which of the following is NOT a required step BEFORE an interview begins?

    <p>Providing a detailed explanation of the research methods used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean to apply the principle of justice in research?

    <p>To ensure balanced representation of diverse groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an interview, what is the primary role of the interviewer?

    <p>To guide the conversation and ensure all key topics are covered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of recording emotions, feelings, thoughts, and wisdom during an interview?

    <p>It helps the interviewer to understand the participant's perspective and motivations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'off the record' policy?

    <p>To allow the participant to speak freely without fear of being judged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important step to take AFTER an interview?

    <p>To express gratitude to the participant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a key element of an effective research abstract?

    <p>A detailed explanation of the research methodology used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided text, what is the primary purpose of the 'Informed Consent' stage of an interview?

    <p>To ensure that the participant understands the risks and benefits of participating in the research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of qualitative research focuses on the lived experiences of individuals who have gone through a specific event or phenomenon?

    <p>Phenomenological Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative research?

    <p>Data is primarily numerical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of qualitative research method aims to understand the shared attitudes, values, norms, and practices of a specific cultural group?

    <p>Ethnographic Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of ethnographic research?

    <p>Involves prolonged immersion in a cultural setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which qualitative research method is best suited for understanding how individuals make sense of their experiences through storytelling?

    <p>Narrative Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of phenomenological research?

    <p>To understand the essence of a lived experience through shared experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a data collection method commonly used in qualitative research?

    <p>Surveys and questionnaires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a focus group and an interview in qualitative research?

    <p>Focus groups are used to collect data from a group of people with shared experiences, while interviews are used to collect data from a single individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of quantitative research?

    <p>To identify patterns and establish cause-and-effect relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research is used to collect, compare, and interpret information in the social sciences?

    <p>Qualitative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of phenomenological research?

    <p>Exploring the lived experiences of individuals who have gone through a specific event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research is best suited for understanding how individuals make sense of their experiences through storytelling?

    <p>Narrative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of ethnographic research?

    <p>Focusing on the shared attitudes, values, and norms of a specific cultural group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research is characterized by its linguistic-semiotic basis?

    <p>Qualitative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of discourse analysis in qualitative research?

    <p>To interpret the meaning and significance of language and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research is often used in the social sciences to collect, compare, and interpret information?

    <p>Qualitative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of qualitative research?

    <p>To explore the lived experiences of individuals who have gone through a specific event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic that differentiates qualitative research from quantitative research?

    <p>Qualitative research aims to understand the 'why' behind an event or phenomenon, rather than the 'how'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following research designs is most appropriate for exploring the lived experiences of individuals who have undergone a significant life event, such as recovering from a major illness?

    <p>Phenomenological research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher wants to understand the cultural practices and beliefs of a specific community. Which type of qualitative research design would be most suitable?

    <p>Ethnographic research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ethnographic research?

    <p>It primarily relies on standardized questionnaires and surveys for data collection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher is interested in understanding how individuals make sense of their experiences through storytelling. Which type of qualitative research design would be most appropriate?

    <p>Narrative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of phenomenological research?

    <p>To understand the shared experiences of individuals who have lived through a specific phenomenon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a data collection method commonly used in qualitative research?

    <p>Surveys and questionnaires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between a focus group and an interview in qualitative research?

    <p>Focus groups gather individual perspectives, while interviews gather group dynamics and interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the relationship between qualitative and quantitative research?

    <p>Qualitative research can be used to develop hypotheses that can later be tested using quantitative methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research is most closely aligned with the concept of 'lived experience' and focuses on the individual's interpretation of their personal journey?

    <p>Phenomenological Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research approach aims to understand the shared values, beliefs, and practices of a cultural group through immersion and observation?

    <p>Ethnographic Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research approach primarily uses stories and narratives as its data source to explore individual experiences and perspectives?

    <p>Narrative Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following research approaches is LEAST likely to involve structured questionnaires and statistical analysis of numerical data?

    <p>Ethnographic Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research approach emphasizes the use of open-ended questions, interviews, and observations to understand the lived experiences and perspectives of individuals?

    <p>Qualitative Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of qualitative research?

    <p>Relies on numerical data and statistical analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method aims to understand the essence of a phenomenon by exploring the shared experiences and interpretations of individuals who have encountered it?

    <p>Phenomenological Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between a focus group and an interview in qualitative research?

    <p>Focus groups involve group discussion and interaction, while interviews are one-on-one conversations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research approach is particularly well-suited for exploring the complexities of human experience through stories and narratives?

    <p>Narrative Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research approach, as described in the provided content, is MOST closely aligned with the objective of understanding the lived experiences and interpretations of individuals within a specific cultural group?

    <p>Ethnographic Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher wants to understand how individuals who have experienced a major life event, such as a natural disaster, make sense of their experiences and cope with the aftermath. Which qualitative research approach would be MOST suitable for this study?

    <p>Phenomenological Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following research methods would be MOST appropriate for exploring the shared beliefs, values, and practices of a specific community, such as a group of artists or a religious community?

    <p>Ethnographic Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which qualitative research approach focuses on exploring the individual stories and experiences of participants, aiming to understand their unique perspectives and how they make sense of their lives?

    <p>Narrative Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher wants to understand the historical evolution of a particular social movement. Which qualitative research approach would be MOST appropriate for this study?

    <p>Historical Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of phenomenological research?

    <p>Examines the individual experiences of participants to understand their unique perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of ethnographic research?

    <p>To immerse oneself in a specific cultural setting and understand its shared values and practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher is interested in understanding how individuals who have experienced trauma use storytelling to make sense of their experiences. Which qualitative research approach would be MOST appropriate for this study?

    <p>Narrative Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of narrative research?

    <p>Aims to understand the lived experiences of individuals through their stories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which qualitative research approach delves into the subjective experiences of individuals to uncover the essential meanings and structures of their lived experiences?

    <p>Phenomenological Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which qualitative research method is characterized by its focus on understanding a cultural group's shared beliefs, values, practices, and behaviors within their natural setting?

    <p>Phenomenological Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following research methods is NOT typically associated with qualitative research?

    <p>Surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of qualitative research focuses on understanding how individuals make sense of their experiences through their own personal stories and narratives?

    <p>Narrative Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which qualitative research method aims to uncover the underlying meanings and interpretations embedded within language and communication?

    <p>Discourse Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of quantitative research?

    <p>Emphasizes the collection and analysis of numerical data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which qualitative research approach is most likely to use participant observation as a primary data collection method?

    <p>Ethnographic Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which qualitative research approach emphasizes the use of interviews and focus groups as primary data collection methods?

    <p>Phenomenological Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative research?

    <p>Use of numerical data and statistical analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classifications of Research

    • According to purpose:
      • Theoretical research:
        • Focuses on generating knowledge without practical application
        • Aims to formulate theories and answer theoretical research questions
        • Based on documentary analysis, mathematical formulas, and reflection of high-level researchers
      • Applied research:
        • Aims to find strategies to address a specific research problem
        • Draws on theory to generate practical scientific knowledge
        • Common in STEM fields such as engineering, computer science, and medicine
        • Two types:
          • Technological applied research: improves efficiency in a productive sector
          • Scientific applied research: has predictive purposes and measures variables to predict behaviors
    • According to depth of scope:
      • Exploratory research:
        • Preliminary investigation of a subject not well understood or researched
        • Establishes a frame of reference and hypothesis for in-depth study
        • Relies less on theory and more on data collection to identify patterns
      • Descriptive research:
        • Defines characteristics of a phenomenon without investigating causes
        • Must avoid intervening in the observed object or phenomenon
      • Explanatory research:
        • Establishes cause-and-effect relationships and allows generalizations
        • Closely related to descriptive research, but provides additional information
      • Correlational research:
        • Identifies relationships between two or more variables
        • Determines how variables change and interact with the environment
    • According to type of data used:
      • Quantitative research:
        • Collects and analyzes quantitative data using mathematical, statistical, and computer-aided tools
        • Projects generalized conclusions over time
      • Qualitative research:
        • Collects, compares, and interprets information with a linguistic-semiotic basis
        • Uses techniques such as discourse analysis, interviews, surveys, records, and participant observations
        • Tends to be subjective and extracts meaning from an event or phenomenon

    Types of Qualitative Research

    • Phenomenological research:
      • Understands the essence of a lived experience
      • Focuses on shared experiences of individuals who have lived through a phenomenon
      • Involves in-depth interviews and sometimes observation
    • Ethnographic research:
      • Explores and describes the culture of a group of people
      • Seeks to understand shared attitudes, values, norms, practices, and patterns of interaction
      • Involves participant observation, interviews, and collecting artifacts
    • Narrative research:
      • Explores the storied nature of human experiences
      • Focuses on the stories individuals tell about their lives and experiences
      • Uses storytelling to gain insights into how individuals make sense of their experiences
    • Case study research:
      • Provides an in-depth understanding of a specific case or cases
      • Can focus on individuals, groups, organizations, events, or programs
      • Involves a detailed and contextual analysis of a limited number of cases
    • Grounded theory research:
      • Generates and develops a theory grounded in the data collected from participants
      • Focuses on building theories based on observed patterns and relationships
      • Involves coding data to identify themes, concepts, and categories
    • Historical research:
      • Examines and interprets past events to understand the present and inform the future
      • Focuses on the analysis of historical documents and records
      • Involves the collection and analysis of primary and secondary sources

    Ethics

    • 3 principles of ethics:
      1. Principle of Respect:
        • Informed consent form for participants 18 years old and above
        • Assent form for minors to be given to their parents/guardians
        • Confidentiality
      2. Principle of Beneficence:
        • Avoids probable and unnecessary harm and promotes the well-being of research participants
      3. Principle of Justice:
        • Distributes merits and constraints of research equitably

    Research Template: APA 7th Edition

    • Level Heading:
    • Research Abstract:
      • A concise summary of a research paper or entire thesis
      • Fully self-contained and makes sense without further reference to outside sources
      • Must contain research methods, research objectives, and the conclusion
    • Aide Memoire:
      • A document or written note used to help remember important information or details
      • Serves as a memory aid, often summarizing key points, facts, or instructions
      • Used to outline the main issues to be discussed during the interview, ensuring all parties have a clear understanding of the matters at hand

    Basics in Interviewing

    • BEFORE:
      1. Greetings
      2. Convert into an interview process
      3. Ask if the participant is ready
      4. Permission to record (video/audio)
    • INTERVIEW PROPER:
      1. Introduction of members
      2. Give a brief presentation about the rationale
      3. Informed consent
      4. Proceed with the interview proper
      5. Do not leave the interview
      6. Don’t get frantic
      7. You may provide tea/snacks during the interview, but not required. Bottled water is required.
      8. If online, all cameras should be open
    • DURING:
      1. Only one interviewer
      2. Do not interrupt the participant
      3. Remember to get the emotions, feelings, thoughts, and wisdom; record gestures, facial expressions, and tone of voice.
      4. Respect the ‘off the record’ policy. Do not forget to record once relieved!
    • AFTER:
      1. Recall and review the themes/answers
      2. Show your deepest gratitude to the participant
      3. Respectfully say goodbye/leave
      4. Don’t forget to pack up

    Qualitative Research

    • Evaluates observations numerically, often subjective, and better suited for extracting meaning from events or phenomena (the 'why') rather than their cause (the 'how')
    • Characteristics:
      • Written, no numbers
      • Individual interviews or focus groups
      • Non-numerical, qualitative data
      • Bottom-up approach
      • Epistemologically relativism (happening)
      • Focus on behavior and natural settings

    Types of Qualitative Research

    • Phenomenological Research:
      • Understand the essence of a lived experience
      • Focuses on shared experiences of individuals who have lived through a phenomenon
      • Involves in-depth interviews and sometimes observation
    • Ethnographic Research:
      • Explore and describe the culture of a group of people
      • Seeks to understand shared attitudes, values, norms, practices, and patterns of interaction
      • Involves participant observation, interviews, and collecting artifacts
    • Narrative Research:
      • Explore the storied nature of human experiences
      • Focuses on storytelling to gain insights into how individuals make sense of their experiences
      • Data collection methods include interviews, autobiographies, diaries, and letters
    • Grounded Theory Research:
      • Generate and develop a theory grounded in the data collected from participants
      • Focuses on building theories based on observed patterns and relationships
      • Involves coding data to identify themes, concepts, and categories
    • Historical Research:
      • Examine and interpret past events to understand the present and inform the future
      • Focuses on the analysis of historical documents and records
      • Aims to provide a contextual understanding of historical phenomena and their impact over time

    Ethics in Research

    • 3 Principles of Ethics:
      • Principle of Respect:
        • Informed consent form (for those 18 and above)
        • Assent form for minors to be given to their parents/guardians
        • Confidentiality
      • Principle of Beneficence:
        • Avoid probable and unnecessary harm and promote the well-being of research participants
      • Principle of Justice:
        • Distribute the merits and constraints of research equitably

    Classifications of Research

    • According to Purpose:
      • Theoretical Research:
        • Focuses on generating knowledge, regardless of practical application
        • Results are usually oriented towards the formulation of theories
      • Applied Research:
        • Aims to find strategies to address a specific research problem
        • Draws on theory to generate practical scientific knowledge
    • According to Depth of Scope:
      • Exploratory Research:
        • Used for preliminary investigation of a subject that is not yet well understood or sufficiently researched
        • Serves to establish a frame of reference and a hypothesis from which an in-depth study can be developed

    Research Abstract and Template

    • Research Abstract:
      • A concise summary of a research paper or entire thesis
      • Must be fully self-contained and make sense by itself
      • Contains research methods, research objectives, and the conclusion
    • Research Template: APA 7th Edition

    Aide Memoire and Interviewing Basics

    • Aide Memoire:
      • A document or written note used to help someone remember important information or details
      • Serves as a memory aid, often summarizing key points, facts, or instructions that need to be recalled later
    • Interviewing Basics:
      • Before the interview:
        • Greetings, introduction, and permission to record
      • During the interview:
        • Introduction of members, informed consent, and proceeding with the interview
        • Respect the participant's emotions, feelings, thoughts, and wisdom
      • After the interview:
        • Recall and review the themes/answers, show gratitude to the participant, and respectfully say goodbye

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