Astronomical Concepts and Coordinate Systems

Solidification = Transition of a substance from liquid to solid. Fusion = Transition from solid to liquid. Sublimation = Transition from solid to gas. Deposition = Transition from gas to solid.

Evaporation = Transition from liquid to gas. Condensation = Transition from gas to liquid. Homogeneous = All parts appear the same; often refers to solutions. Heterogeneous = Mixtures made up of several parts that can be seen.

Solvent = The majority component of a solution. Solute = The substance being dissolved. Saturation = A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved. Unsaturated Solution = A solution in which more solute can still dissolve.

<p>Suspension = A heterogeneous mixture where particles do not settle. Colloid = A heterogeneous mixture where particles also do not settle. Emulsion = A mixture where emulsifying agents are added. Phases = The different portions of a mechanical mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solubility = The mass of a solid that can be dissolved in solvent. Saturated Solution = A solution that cannot dissolve more solute. Supersaturated Solution = A solution with more solute than normal. Pure Substance = Material containing only one kind of particle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compound = A combination of two or more pure substances. Element = A substance that cannot be broken down further. Mixture = A combination of two or more pure substances. Solution = A homogeneous mixture with no settling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agitation = Stirring or shaking to promote mixing. Soluble = When a substance can be dissolved. Saturated Solution = A solution with no more solute able to dissolve. Unsaturated Solution = A solution that can still dissolve more solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homogeneous = Uniform composition throughout the mixture. Heterogeneous = Composition varies from one region to another. Colloid = Mixtures that do not settle over time. Suspension = Mixtures with particles that may settle out over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eclipse = An astronomical event that occurs when one celestial body moves into the shadow of another. Ellipse = An elongated circular shape that characterizes the orbits of planets around the Sun. Astrology = A belief system suggesting a relationship between celestial positions and events on Earth. Astronomy = The scientific study of celestial objects, space, and the universe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Orion = A prominent constellation representing a hunter. Canis Major = A prominent constellation featuring Sirius, the brightest star. Ursa Major = A constellation known as the Great Bear. Cassiopeia = A W-shaped constellation associated with a queen in mythology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Refracting Telescopes = Telescopes that use lenses to bend light. Reflecting Telescopes = Telescopes that use mirrors to focus light. Combination Telescopes = Telescopes that integrate both lenses and mirrors. Astrolabe = An ancient astronomical tool for solving celestial problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aries = Symbolized by a ram. Taurus = Depicted as a bull. Gemini = Represented by twins. Leo = Represented by a lion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earth-Centered Model = Proposed by Aristotle. Geocentric Model = Developed by Claudius Ptolemy. Sun-Centered Model = Formulated by Nicolaus Copernicus. Universal Gravitation = Described by Sir Isaac Newton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resolving Power = Ability to distinguish fine detail in telescopes. Apparent Brightness = Brightness of an astronomical object as perceived from Earth. Altitude = Angle of a celestial body above the local horizon. Azimuth = Angular measurement indicating the direction of a celestial object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altitude-Azimuth Coordinates = A system for locating celestial objects based on altitude and azimuth. Telescope = An optical instrument designed to amplify distant objects. Compass = Navigational instrument indicating direction relative to Earth's magnetic poles. Astrological Sign = Classification determined by the position of celestial bodies at birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Andromeda = The nearest galaxy to the Milky Way. Hercules = A large constellation named after a mythological hero. Pegasus = A constellation shaped like a winged horse. Ursa Minor = The Little Bear constellation that includes Polaris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capricorn = December 22 to January 19. Aquarius = January 20 to February 18. Pisces = February 19 to March 20. Scorpio = October 23 to November 21.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Newton's Law = Set of laws describing the motion of objects and gravity. Universal Gravitation = Law stating every mass attracts every other mass. Geocentric Model by Ptolemy = A detailed geocentric model including epicycles. Sun-Centered Model = Heliocentric theory placing the Sun at the center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cluster = A group of stars or galaxies that are gravitationally bound and move together. Exoplanet = A planet that exists outside our solar system, orbiting a star other than the Sun. Nebula = A large cloud of gas and dust in space, often where new stars are formed. Gas Giant = A type of large planet primarily composed of hydrogen and helium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equinox = The two times a year when day and night are of equal length. Quasar = An extremely bright and distant celestial object powered by a supermassive black hole. Solstice = The two points in the year when the Sun reaches its highest or lowest point. Variable Star = A star whose brightness changes over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quadrangle = A mapped area on a celestial body, often in planetary science. Galaxy = A massive system of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter. Supermassive Black Hole = A black hole with a mass millions to billions of times that of the Sun. Super-Earth Planet = A type of exoplanet with a mass larger than Earth's but smaller than gas giants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constellation = A recognized arrangement of stars in the night sky. The 48 Constellations = The traditional grouping of 48 constellations documented by Ptolemy. The 88 Modern Constellations = The officially recognized set of 88 constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union. Double Star = A pair of stars that appear closely positioned in the night sky.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light Year = The distance that light travels in one year. Hemisphere = Half of a sphere, often referring to Earth's division by the equator. Sumerian = Relating to the early civilization in Mesopotamia known for advancements in astronomy. Zodiac = A circular band of the sky divided into twelve astrological signs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extrasolar Planet = Another term for exoplanet, referring to any planet beyond the solar system. Galaxy = A massive system of stars bound together by gravity. Quasar = An extremely bright celestial object emitting vast amounts of energy. Supermassive Black Hole = Found at the centers of galaxies with massive gravitational pull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asexual Reproduction = A form of reproduction where two parents combine genetic material. Cloning = A genetically identical duplicate of an organism. Self-Pollination = The transfer of pollen from one flower to another. Cross-Pollination = Transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigmas within the same flower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cluster = A group of stars or galaxies bound together. Nebula = A large gas and dust cloud in space. Gas Giant = A planet like Jupiter or Saturn with no well-defined solid surface. Exoplanet = A planet that orbits a star outside our solar system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structural Adaptation = Physical features enhancing survival. Behavioral Adaptation = Actions or behaviors developed to survive. Niche = The role an organism plays in its environment. Variation = Differences in physical traits among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutualism = A relationship where both organisms benefit. Commensalism = A relationship where one benefits and the other is unharmed. Parasitic = A relationship where one benefits and the other is harmed. Symbiotic Relationship = An interaction between organisms of different species living close together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equinox = Days and nights are equal in length. Solstice = When the sun reaches its highest or lowest point. The 88 Modern Constellations = The set of constellations recognized by the IAU. Double Star = Two stars appearing close to each other in the sky.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galaxy = A collection of stars, gas, and dust. Quasar = A luminous object powered by a black hole. Variable Star = A star that changes in brightness. Exoplanet = A planet outside our solar system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dominant Traits = Traits that are more likely to be expressed. Recessive Traits = Traits that are less likely to be expressed. Continuous Variation = A broad variety of traits expressed in a population. Discrete Variation = A limited number of traits that can be inherited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genotype = The genetic makeup of an organism. Phenotype = The physical characteristic displayed by an organism. Alleles = Versions of genes inherited from parents. Mutation = A random change in the chromosomes of a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aquaculture = The cultivation of aquatic plants and animals. Transgenic = Organisms with DNA transferred from unrelated species. Biotechnology = Using biological data and techniques for problem-solving. Heritable Traits = Traits passed on from parent to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pistil = The seed-bearing organ of a flowering plant. Stamen = A pollen-bearing organ made of a filament and anther. Carpel = A simple pistil regarded as a seed-bearing part. Cotyledon = The first leaf produced by the embryo of a flowering plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generalist = An organism able to survive in varied conditions. Specialist = An organism adapted to a very specific environment. Broad Niche = The roles played by a generalist. Narrow Niche = A highly specialized ecological role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competition = The struggle among individuals for resources. Symbiosis = The interaction between different species over time. Resource Partitioning = Dividing resources among different species. Predation = One organism preying on another for food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viscosity = The property that describes a liquid's thickness. Density = The mass per unit volume of a substance. Mass = The amount of matter in a substance. Volume = A measurement of the amount of space occupied by a substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive Buoyancy = When an object floats to the top of a fluid. Negative Buoyancy = When an object sinks through the fluid. Neutral Buoyancy = When an object is suspended within a fluid. Buoyancy = The ability of a fluid to support an object floating in it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compound Light Microscopes = Microscopes with lenses that provide greater magnification. Electron Microscopes = Microscopes that use electronic beams instead of light. Tube = Holds the eyepiece and the objective lens. Stage = Supports the microscope slide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleus = Controls the cell's activities. Vacuoles = Storage places for surplus goods. Cell Membrane = Surrounds and protects the contents of the cell. Chloroplasts = Structures where photosynthesis occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative Observation = An observation based on numbers. Qualitative Observation = An observation based on your five senses. Hypothesis = A prediction of the results of the experiment. Experimental Errors = Issues that affect the results of an experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digestive System = Breaks down food through digestion. Respiratory System = Moves air in and out of the body. Circulatory System = Carries materials to and from all cells. Pulse = The act of blood passing through your arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multicellular = &quot;Many-celled&quot; organisms. Unicellular = &quot;Single-celled&quot; organisms. Cells = Basic units of structure and function in all organisms. Organelles = Structures inside cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological Diversity = The variety of life on Earth. Species Diversity = The number and variety of species in an ecosystem. Genetic Diversity = The variety of genes within a species. Diversity Index = A mathematical measure of biodiversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion = The movement of particles from high to low concentration. Osmosis = The diffusion of water across a membrane. Selectively Permeable = A membrane that allows certain substances through. Impermeable = A membrane that lets nothing cross.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Force = Anything that causes a change in motion. Gravity = The force that pulls objects toward the Earth. Newtons (N) = A measurement of force. Flow Rate = The time it takes for fluid to flow from one point to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coarse Adjustment Knob = Moves the tube or stage to bring the object into focus. Revolving Nosepiece = Holds two or more objective lenses. Condenser Lens = Directs light to the object being viewed. Diaphragm = Controls the amount of light reaching the object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependent Variable = Changes as a result of the independent variable. Independent Variable = A variable that you change. Control Variable = A variable that doesn't change. Results = Data usually shown in a table or graph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Speciation = The evolutionary process of becoming distinct species. Ecosystem = A community of interacting organisms. Species = A group of organisms that breed together. Average Density = Total mass divided by total volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insoluble = Substances that cannot be dissolved. Swim Bladder = Organ in fish that helps with buoyancy. Chromosomes = Structures made of genetic material. Nuclear Membrane = Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers