Astrochemistry and Cosmochemistry
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a CIRS?

  • To measure the velocity of an object
  • To analyze the electromagnetic spectrum of an object
  • To study the composition of an object (correct)
  • To determine the temperature of an object

    • What type of spectrum includes energy of all wavelengths?

  • Continuous Spectrum (correct)
  • Absorption Spectrum
  • Discrete Spectrum
  • Emission Spectrum

    • What is the effect of an observer moving relative to a wave source on the frequency of the wave?

  • Blueshift
  • Doppler Shift (correct)
  • Redshift
  • Frequency remains unchanged

    • What is the value of Hubble's Constant?

    <p>70 km/s/Mpc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate age of the universe according to Physical Cosmology?

    <p>13.8 billion years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest constituent unit of a chemical element?

    <p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when two or more atoms are held together due to chemical bonds?

    <p>Molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when two or more elements mix chemically?

    <p>Compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of spectrum is characterized by energy at a particular wavelength?

    <p>Discrete Spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to electrons in Emission Nebulae?

    <p>They recombine with ionized hydrogen and emit visible light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of ionization in H II regions?

    <p>UV radiation from nearby stars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Neutral Hydrogen Clouds?

    <p>They can be seen when light from a star passes through the cloud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of Ultra-hot Interstellar Gas?

    <p>Supernova explosions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Molecular Clouds?

    <p>They can form complex molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of Interstellar Dust on light?

    <p>It blocks and scatters light, making it appear fainter and redder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when light from other stars passes through dust?

    <p>It can be completely blocked, leading to dark areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of extinction caused by dust?

    <p>Light is blocked and scattered out of our line of sight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiation is emitted by cooler Interstellar Dust?

    <p>Infrared radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is astrochemistry primarily concerned with?

    <p>Abundance and reactions of molecules in the Universe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a proponent of early spectroscopy?

    <p>Hans Geiger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the spectrometer built by William Hyde Wollaston?

    <p>To detect spectral lines in solar radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant relationship did Johann Balmer identify?

    <p>An empirical relationship for spectral lines of hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula did Johannes Rydberg create?

    <p>A formula to describe spectral lines observed for Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study involves the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>Spectroscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who quantified the spectral lines that Joseph Von Fraunhofer studied?

    <p>William Hyde Wollaston</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did Charles Wheatstone publish his report on emission spectra?

    <p>1835</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does experimental spectroscopy primarily allow researchers to detect?

    <p>An array of molecules within solar systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of Rutherford's model of the atom?

    <p>The atom consists of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Bohr's model, what does the ground state of an electron represent?

    <p>The electron is in its lowest energy state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the amplitude of a wave represent?

    <p>Height of the wave's electric vector.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum can be detected by the human eye?

    <p>Visible light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a photon?

    <p>The smallest particle of light at a certain wavelength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the APXS spectrometer on the Mars Exploration Rover?

    <p>To study mineralogy of rocks and soils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information does the VIMS spectrometer gather?

    <p>Data about the surface, rings, and atmosphere of Titan and Saturn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an electron in an excited state?

    <p>It must absorb energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model describes the atom as being a sinusoidal wave?

    <p>Wave Model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of wavenumbers for carboxylic acids in IR spectroscopy?

    <p>3000-2500 cm^-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the IR spectrum of alcohols?

    <p>A distinct strong and broad 'U' shaped peak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In IR spectroscopy, which functional group has peaks around 2900 cm^-1 and 2700 cm^-1?

    <p>Aldehydes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected wavenumber range for ketones in IR spectroscopy?

    <p>1750-1705 cm^-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding esters in IR spectroscopy?

    <p>Esters exhibit a peak around 1750-1735 cm^-1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes the peak of carboxylic acids from alcohols in IR spectroscopy?

    <p>Carboxylic acids have two components including a C=O peak.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group in IR spectroscopy might show signs of conjugation?

    <p>Esters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the IR spectrum peak observed for alcohols?

    <p>Distinct and elongated 'U' shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is typically observed in the IR spectrum of aldehydes?

    <p>Two peaks, one of which may be distorted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed a model of the atom with electrons existing in discrete orbits?

    <p>Niels Bohr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the default orbit of an electron in an atom?

    <p>Ground State</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who built a spectrometer to observe the spectral lines present within solar radiation?

    <p>William Hyde Wollaston</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Charles Wheatstone report on in 1835?

    <p>Emission spectra of metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the distance between two consecutive peaks of a wave?

    <p>Wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>Electromagnetic Spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the series of spectral lines exhibited by samples of hydrogen?

    <p>Balmer Series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the formula created by Johannes Rydberg to describe spectral lines observed for Hydrogen?

    <p>Rydberg Formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tiniest particle of light at a certain wavelength?

    <p>Photon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the spectrometer on the Mars Exploration Rover that analyzes elements in rocks and soils?

    <p>APXS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>Spectroscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of the atom describes it as a sinusoidal wave traveling in space?

    <p>Wave Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who quantified the spectral lines that Joseph Von Fraunhofer studied?

    <p>Joseph Von Fraunhofer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of Experimental Spectroscopy?

    <p>Detection of an array of molecules within solar systems and the surrounding interstellar medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who originally conceptualized the Big Bang Theory?

    <p>George Lemaitre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Molecular Clouds?

    <p>To form stars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when two or more atoms are held together due to chemical bonds?

    <p>Molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common molecule in Molecular Clouds?

    <p>Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the discovery of the Doppler Effect, a phenomenon that explains the change in frequency of a wave relative to a moving observer?

    <p>Christian Doppler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Reflect Nebulae?

    <p>They reflect starlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that forms neutral atoms in the early universe?

    <p>Recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of spectrum is characterized by energy at a particular wavelength, often observed as bright lines in an emission spectrum or dark lines in an absorption spectrum?

    <p>Discrete Spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the first generation of stars in the universe?

    <p>Hypernova</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following historical figures significantly contributed to the development of spectroscopy by studying the relationship between the spectral lines of hydrogen and their wavelengths?

    <p>Johann Balmer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the energy of the universe during the Photon Epoch?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest unit of a chemical element that retains the chemical properties of that element?

    <p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the Doppler Effect in the context of astronomy?

    <p>A redshift indicates that a celestial object is moving towards us.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process that converts hydrogen into helium in stars?

    <p>Proton-Proton Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of extinction caused by dust?

    <p>Absorption of light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following models of the atom proposes that electrons exist in specific energy levels or orbits around the nucleus?

    <p>Bohr's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the constant that relates the recessional velocity of a galaxy to its distance, as defined by Hubble's Law?

    <p>Hubble Constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In IR spectroscopy, what distinguishes the peak of a carboxylic acid from the peak of an alcohol?

    <p>The carboxylic acid peak is broader and stronger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these functional groups in IR spectroscopy might show signs of conjugation?

    <p>Esters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical shape of the IR spectrum peak observed for alcohols?

    <p>A distorted peak with a 'U' shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is typically observed in the IR spectrum of aldehydes?

    <p>Two peaks of medium length around 2900 cm^-1 and 2700 cm^-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected wavenumber range for ketones in IR spectroscopy?

    <p>1750-1705 cm^-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding esters in IR spectroscopy?

    <p>Esters have a single strong peak around 1750-1735 cm^-1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In IR spectroscopy, which functional group has peaks around 2900 cm^-1 and 2700 cm^-1?

    <p>Aldehydes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emitted when electrons recombine with ionized hydrogen in Emission Nebulae?

    <p>Visible light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region consists mainly of ionized hydrogen around red-hot stars?

    <p>H II regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of photon is released when neutral hydrogen undergoes a spontaneous spin flip?

    <p>21-cm photon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key characteristic of Molecular Clouds?

    <p>They are regions where complex molecules can form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Interstellar Dust have on light?

    <p>It scatters and blocks light, leading to dimmer observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when light from stars passes through a dark nebula?

    <p>Some wavelengths are blocked while others pass through.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between wavelength and scattering in Interstellar Dust?

    <p>Shorter wavelengths are scattered more easily than longer ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Astrochemistry and Cosmochemistry

    • Astrochemistry: study of abundance and reactions of molecules in the Universe and their interaction with radiation
    • Cosmochemistry: study of abundance of elements, isotope ratios in the Solar System (meteorites)
    • Molecular Astrophysics: study of interstellar atoms, molecules, and interaction with radiation
    • Solar Spectra: study of spectral nature of light, led to the development of the first spectroscope

    Spectroscopy

    • Study of light from an object and its interaction with matter
    • Experimental Spectroscopy: detection of molecules within solar systems and interstellar medium
    • Spectrometer: instrument used to observe spectral lines present within solar radiation
    • Key contributors to spectroscopy:
      • William Hyde Wollaston: built a spectrometer
      • Joseph Von Fraunhofer: quantified spectral lines
      • Charles Wheatstone: discovered emission spectra of different metals
      • Leon Foucault: demonstrated identical absorption and emission lines from same material at different temperatures
      • Johann Balmer: discovered Balmer Series of spectral lines in hydrogen
      • Johannes Rydberg: developed Rydberg Formula to describe spectral lines in hydrogen

    Atomic Models

    • Ernest Rutherford's Model: dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons
    • Bohr's Model: electrons in discrete orbits around the nucleus, similar to planetary orbits
    • Ground State: electron in its default orbit
    • Excited State: electron must absorb energy to transition to a higher energy level
    • Wave Model: atom as a sinusoidal wave with an oscillating electric field and perpendicular magnetic field
    • Amplitude (A): height of wave's electric vector
    • Wavelength (λ): distance between peaks of the wave

    Electromagnetic Spectrum

    • Range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, characterized by wavelength or frequency
    • Different energies allow monitoring of different types of interactions with matter
    • Visible Light (350-780 nm): radiation that can penetrate Earth's atmosphere and be detected on the surface

    Spectra

    • Range of electromagnetic energy separated by wavelength
    • Types of Spectra:
      • Continuous Spectrum: thermal or blackbody spectrum, energy of all wavelengths
      • Discrete Spectrum: energy at a particular wavelength, emission (bright lines) and absorption (dark lines)

    Doppler Effect

    • Change in frequency of a wave related to an observer moving relative to the wave source
    • Christian Doppler (1842)
    • Blue light has a higher frequency than red light

    Hubble's Law

    • Hubble Constant: 70 km/s/Mpc
    • Age of the Universe: approximately 13.8 billion years as of 2015

    Atoms and Molecules

    • Atom: smallest constituent unit of a chemical element
    • Molecule: group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
    • Compound: substance formed when two or more elements mix chemically

    Emission Nebulae and Ionized Hydrogen

    • Emission Nebulae: visible when electrons recombine with ionized hydrogen, emitting visible light
    • Ionized Hydrogen (H II) regions: visible near red hot stars, UV ionizes hydrogen
    • Neutral Hydrogen Clouds: do not emit visible light, but can be seen when light from a star passes through the cloud
    • 21-cm Radiation: neutral hydrogen emits a photon when electron spontaneously flips

    Interstellar Gas and Dust

    • Ultra-hot Interstellar Gas: temperature of millions of degrees, formed from supernova explosion
    • Molecular Clouds: dense regions where complex molecules can be formed
    • Interstellar Dust: made of various substances, blocks and scatters light, and emits infrared light
    • Dark Nebulae: when light from other stars is blocked by dust, creating dark areas
    • Extinction: light scattered off dust particles, preventing it from reaching us

    IR Spectroscopy

    • Carboxylic Acid (O-H): strong, broad peak around 3000-2500 cm^-1
    • Alcohols (O-H): strong, broad peak around 3650-3200 cm^-1
    • Aldehydes (C-H): two peaks, one around 2900 cm^-1 and another around 2700 cm^-1
    • Ketones (C=O): strong peak around 1750-1705 cm^-1
    • Esters (C=O): strong peak around 1750-1735 cm^-1

    Spectroscopy and Atomic Models

    • A spectrograph is a device that separates light into its component colors, producing a spectrum.
    • Types of spectra:
      • Continuous spectrum: energy of all wavelengths, emitted by stars, planets, and moons, depends on temperature
      • Discrete spectrum: energy at a particular wavelength, produced by emission and absorption of energy by materials
    • Doppler Effect: change in frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source
    • Hubble's Law: Hubble Constant = 70 km/s/Mpc, Age of the Universe = 13.8 billion years

    Astrochemistry and Cosmochemistry

    • Astrochemistry: study of abundance and reactions of molecules in the Universe and their interaction with radiation
    • Cosmochemistry: study of abundance of elements, isotope ratios in the Solar System
    • Molecular Astrophysics: study of interstellar atoms, molecules, and interaction with radiation
    • Solar Spectra: spectral nature of light, first spectroscope, and experimental spectroscopy

    Atomic Models

    • Ernest Rutherford's Model: dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons
    • Bohr's Model: electrons surrounding the nucleus exist in discrete orbits, like planets orbiting the Sun
    • Wave Model: an atom is a sinusoidal wave traveling in space with an oscillating electric field and perpendicular magnetic field

    Electromagnetic Spectrum

    • Range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, characterized by wavelength or frequency
    • Types of radiation:
      • Visible light (350-780 nm): radiation that can penetrate our atmosphere and be detected on the Earth's surface
      • Photon: tiniest particle of light at a certain wavelength, requires release of same energy to become excited

    Spectrometers in Spacecraft

    • Mars Exploration Rover: Mini-TES (Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer), MB (Mossbauer Spectrometer), APXS (Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer)
    • Cassini-Huygens: VIMS (Visual and Infrared Mapping Structure) for data on surface, rings, and atmosphere of Titan and Saturn

    IR Spectroscopy Graphs

    • Carboxylic Acid (O-H): strong, broad peak around 3000-2500 cm^-1, requires C=O in zone 4
    • Alcohols (O-H): strong, broad, elongated "U" shape around 3650-3200 cm^-1
    • Aldehydes (C-H): two peaks around 2900 cm^-1 and 2700 cm^-1, medium length
    • Ketones (C=O): strong peak around 1750-1705 cm^-1, looks for signs of conjugation
    • Esters (C=O): strong peak around 1750-1735 cm^-1, looks for signs of conjugation

    Molecular Clouds and Interstellar Gas

    • Emission Nebulae: visible light emitted when electrons recombine with ionized hydrogen
    • Ionized Hydrogen (H II) regions: visible near red hot stars, UV ionizes hydrogen
    • Neutral Hydrogen Clouds: do not emit visible light, can be seen when light from a star passes through the cloud
    • 21-cm Radiation: neutral hydrogen can be collisionally excited, emitting 21-cm photons
    • Ultra-hot Interstellar Gas: temperature of millions of degrees, materials from supernova explosion
    • Molecular Clouds: dense regions where complex molecules can be formed, such as ammonia, benzene, acetylene
    • Interstellar Dust: made of different substances, blocks and scatters light, reflects light from nearby stars, cooler temperatures emit infrared light

    Timeline of the Early Universe

    • Big Bang Theory: originally conceptualized by German Priest George Lemaitre
    • 3-20 minutes (Nucleosynthesis): temperature drops, atomic nuclei formed, Hydrogen, Helium, and Lithium formed
    • 3 minutes - 240,000 years (Photon Epoch): soup of atomic nuclei, photons could not travel far
    • 240,000 - 380,000 years (Recombination and Decoupling): recombination forms neutral atoms, space becomes "transparent", Cosmic Microwave Background radiation relic
    • 300-500 million years (Star formation): first generation stars born, massive, hot, luminous, ultraviolet blue

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