Astro Chapter 4 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the acceleration of gravity at the surface of Earth?

9.8 m/s^2 downward

If an object's velocity is doubled, what happens to its momentum?

doubled

What will a net force on an object cause if the object is not gaining or losing mass?

change in velocity

If your mass is 60 kg on Earth, what would your mass be on the Moon?

60 kg Signup and view all the answers

What can you conclude if you notice your weight decreases while standing on a scale in an elevator?

The elevator is accelerating downwards Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if the Space Shuttle were launched with a speed greater than Earth's escape velocity?

It would travel away from Earth into the solar system Signup and view all the answers

According to Newton's first law of motion, what will an object moving in a straight line at 50 mi/hr do?

continue to move in the same way until acted upon by a force Signup and view all the answers

How does the Space Shuttle take off?

Hot gas shoots out from the rocket and, by conservation of momentum, the shuttle moves in the opposite direction Signup and view all the answers

The speed at which a pool ball moves after being struck by a cue is most directly an example of what?

Newton's second law of motion Signup and view all the answers

What explains the fact that Voyager 10 continues to speed out of the solar system even though its rockets have no fuel?

Newton's first law of motion Signup and view all the answers

What does changing the orbit of a spacecraft by firing thrusters exemplify?

Newton's third law of motion Signup and view all the answers

What quantities does angular momentum depend upon?

mass, velocity, and radius Signup and view all the answers

Why is gasoline useful in cars?

chemical potential energy Signup and view all the answers

The amount of gravitational potential energy released as an object falls depends on what?

the distance it falls Signup and view all the answers

Considering Einstein's famous equation, E = mc^2, what is true about a small amount of mass?

A small amount of mass can be turned into a large amount of energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate source of energy that powers the Sun?

mass energy of hydrogen fusing into helium Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the law of conservation of energy?

The total quantity of energy in the universe never changes Signup and view all the answers

Where does the energy come from that your body uses to keep you alive?

It comes from the foods you eat Signup and view all the answers

According to the universal law of gravitation, how is the force due to gravity described?

inversely proportional to the square of the distance between objects Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if the force of gravity is an inverse square law?

If you double the distance between two large masses, the gravitational force between them weakens by a factor of 4 Signup and view all the answers

If you double the masses of both attracting objects, what happens to the gravitational force between them?

increase by a factor of 4 Signup and view all the answers

What are the allowed shapes for orbits under the force of gravity?

ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas Signup and view all the answers

What explains why Kepler's second law is true according to Newton's laws?

A planet's total orbital energy must be conserved as it moves around its orbit Signup and view all the answers

How can the mass of Jupiter be calculated?

measuring the orbital period and distance of one of Jupiter's moons Signup and view all the answers

The tides on Earth are an example of what?

the universal law of gravitation Signup and view all the answers

At which lunar phase(s) are tides least pronounced?

both first and third quarters Signup and view all the answers

What can you determine if you observe the acceleration of an object with a known mass?

the sum total of all forces acting on the object Signup and view all the answers

If a known force was applied to an object with a known mass, how can you predict that object's acceleration?

acceleration = sum of forces / mass Signup and view all the answers

In the equation $F_g = \frac{G M_1 M_2}{d^2}$, what does $d$ represent?

the distance between the two objects Signup and view all the answers

In the equation $F_g = \frac{G M_1 M_2}{d^2}$, what does $G$ represent?

the universal gravitational constant Signup and view all the answers

In the equation $F_g = \frac{G M_1 M_2}{d^2}$, what does $M_1$ represent?

the mass of one of the objects Signup and view all the answers

According to the equation $F_g = \frac{G M_1 M_2}{d^2}$, what happens to the gravitational force if the distance between two objects increases?

the force decreases Signup and view all the answers

In the equation $F_g = \frac{G M_1 M_2}{d^2}$, what happens to the gravitational force if the mass of the second object were greater?

the force increases Signup and view all the answers

In Newton's version of Kepler's third law, what does $p$ represent?

the orbital period Signup and view all the answers

In Newton's version of Kepler's third law, what does $a$ represent?

the average distance between the two objects Signup and view all the answers

In Newton's version of Kepler's third law, what do $M_1$ and $M_2$ represent?

the masses of the two objects Signup and view all the answers

In Newton's version of Kepler's third law, what does $G$ represent?

the universal gravitational constant Signup and view all the answers

What observational information is needed to calculate the combined mass of a planet and its moon?

the average distance between the two objects and the orbital period Signup and view all the answers

Solve for the combined mass of a planet and its satellite using the equation $M_1 + M_2 = \frac{4\pi^2}{G} \times \frac{a^3}{p^2}$.

M_1 + M_2 = (4π^2/G) x (a^3/p^2) Signup and view all the answers

What is 0 degrees Kelvin?

the temperature at which all random particle motion stops Signup and view all the answers

Speed and velocity are the same thing.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Moon is constantly falling toward Earth.

True Signup and view all the answers

If you double the mass of fusion material in a hydrogen bomb, you quadruple the amount of energy generated.

False Signup and view all the answers

When energy is converted from one form to another, a tiny amount is inevitably lost.

False Signup and view all the answers

Kepler deduced his laws of planetary motion once Newton had published his universal law of gravitation.

False Signup and view all the answers

There is no gravity in space.

False Signup and view all the answers

Doubling the distance between two objects halves the gravitational force between them.

False Signup and view all the answers

The escape velocity from Earth is greater for larger rockets than for small ones.

False Signup and view all the answers

Tidal friction caused by Earth's stretching from the Moon's gravity is gradually slowing down the rotation of Earth.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Moon is slowly moving away from Earth.

True Signup and view all the answers

Unbound orbits have more orbital energy than bound orbits.

True Signup and view all the answers

When you experience a downward gravitational force from the Earth, the Earth experiences a weaker upward gravitational force from you.

False Signup and view all the answers

Planets with larger orbital radii have longer orbital periods only because they have a longer distance to travel in each orbit.

False Signup and view all the answers

Planets with larger orbital radii have longer orbital periods because they both have a longer distance to travel in each orbit and move more slowly.

True Signup and view all the answers

To measure the mass of an astronomical object, one can observe the orbital period and distance of a companion.

True Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gravity and Motion

Acceleration due to gravity at Earth's surface is 9.8 m/s² downward.
Doubling an object's velocity results in a doubling of momentum.
A net force acting on an object changes its velocity without affecting its mass.
Mass is constant regardless of location; a 60 kg mass on Earth remains 60 kg on the Moon.

Forces and Acceleration

A decrease in weight while standing in an elevator indicates downward acceleration.
Launching the Space Shuttle greater than Earth's escape velocity enables travel into the solar system.
According to Newton's first law, an object moves in a straight line with constant speed until acted upon by a force.
The Space Shuttle takes off by expelling hot gas, causing upward motion through conservation of momentum.

Newton's Laws of Motion

The velocity of a pool ball after being struck illustrates Newton's second law of motion.
Voyager 10's continued motion out of the solar system without fuel exemplifies Newton's first law.
Changing a spacecraft's orbit by firing thrusters demonstrates Newton's third law of motion.

Energy and Potential

Angular momentum depends on mass, velocity, and radius.
Gasoline is a source of chemical potential energy used in vehicles.
The gravitational potential energy an object releases during a fall is dependent on the distance it falls.
Einstein's equation E = mc² shows that small mass can yield large energy.

Gravitational Forces

The force of gravity inversely relates to the square of the distance between objects.
Doubling the distance between two masses decreases gravitational force by a factor of four.
If both attracting masses are doubled, the gravitational force increases by a factor of four.
Objects can have elliptical, parabolic, or hyperbolic orbits under gravitational influence.

Kepler's Laws and Orbital Mechanics

Kepler's second law is supported by the conservation of total orbital energy.
The mass of Jupiter can be determined by measuring the orbital characteristics of its moons.
Tides result from the gravitational interactions explained by the universal law of gravitation.

Tidal Phenomena

Tides are least pronounced during the first and third quarter lunar phases.
Observing acceleration in relation to known mass allows determination of total forces acting on an object using Newton's second law.

Gravitational Equation and Constants

Fg = G(M1M2/d²) describes gravitational force, where d is the distance between objects and G is the universal gravitational constant.
M1 represents the mass of one of the objects involved in the gravitational interaction.

Orbital Periods and Characteristics

Newton's version of Kepler's third law (p² = (4π²/G(M1 + M2))a³) shows relationships among orbital period, distance, and masses.
p represents orbital period while a indicates the average distance between two objects.

Temperature and Energy Dynamics

0 degrees Kelvin is defined as the temperature at which all random motion of particles ceases.
Speed and velocity are distinct concepts in physics, reflecting different measures.

Misconceptions and Truths

The Moon is in continuous free-fall towards Earth.
Tidal forces from the Moon are gradually impacting Earth's rotation.
Larger planetary masses do not increase escape velocity; this remains a constant dependent on the celestial body's gravity.
Planets with larger orbital radii have longer periods due to greater distance and slower motion in their orbits.
The collective mass of astronomical objects can be deduced through their orbital dynamics.

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Test your understanding of key concepts in Astronomy Chapter 4 with these flashcards. Topics covered include gravity, momentum, and the effects of net force on objects. Perfect for quick study and review before exams.

Astro Chapter 4 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the acceleration of gravity at the surface of Earth?

If an object's velocity is doubled, what happens to its momentum?

What will a net force on an object cause if the object is not gaining or losing mass?

If your mass is 60 kg on Earth, what would your mass be on the Moon?

What can you conclude if you notice your weight decreases while standing on a scale in an elevator?

What would happen if the Space Shuttle were launched with a speed greater than Earth's escape velocity?

According to Newton's first law of motion, what will an object moving in a straight line at 50 mi/hr do?

How does the Space Shuttle take off?

The speed at which a pool ball moves after being struck by a cue is most directly an example of what?

What explains the fact that Voyager 10 continues to speed out of the solar system even though its rockets have no fuel?

What does changing the orbit of a spacecraft by firing thrusters exemplify?

What quantities does angular momentum depend upon?

Why is gasoline useful in cars?

The amount of gravitational potential energy released as an object falls depends on what?

Considering Einstein's famous equation, E = mc^2, what is true about a small amount of mass?

What is the ultimate source of energy that powers the Sun?

Which statement correctly describes the law of conservation of energy?

Where does the energy come from that your body uses to keep you alive?

According to the universal law of gravitation, how is the force due to gravity described?

What does it mean if the force of gravity is an inverse square law?

If you double the masses of both attracting objects, what happens to the gravitational force between them?

What are the allowed shapes for orbits under the force of gravity?

What explains why Kepler's second law is true according to Newton's laws?

How can the mass of Jupiter be calculated?

The tides on Earth are an example of what?

At which lunar phase(s) are tides least pronounced?

What can you determine if you observe the acceleration of an object with a known mass?

If a known force was applied to an object with a known mass, how can you predict that object's acceleration?

In the equation $F_g = \frac{G M_1 M_2}{d^2}$, what does $d$ represent?

In the equation $F_g = \frac{G M_1 M_2}{d^2}$, what does $G$ represent?

In the equation $F_g = \frac{G M_1 M_2}{d^2}$, what does $M_1$ represent?

According to the equation $F_g = \frac{G M_1 M_2}{d^2}$, what happens to the gravitational force if the distance between two objects increases?

In the equation $F_g = \frac{G M_1 M_2}{d^2}$, what happens to the gravitational force if the mass of the second object were greater?

In Newton's version of Kepler's third law, what does $p$ represent?

In Newton's version of Kepler's third law, what does $a$ represent?

In Newton's version of Kepler's third law, what do $M_1$ and $M_2$ represent?

In Newton's version of Kepler's third law, what does $G$ represent?

What observational information is needed to calculate the combined mass of a planet and its moon?

Solve for the combined mass of a planet and its satellite using the equation $M_1 + M_2 = \frac{4\pi^2}{G} \times \frac{a^3}{p^2}$.

What is 0 degrees Kelvin?

Speed and velocity are the same thing.

The Moon is constantly falling toward Earth.

If you double the mass of fusion material in a hydrogen bomb, you quadruple the amount of energy generated.

When energy is converted from one form to another, a tiny amount is inevitably lost.

Kepler deduced his laws of planetary motion once Newton had published his universal law of gravitation.

There is no gravity in space.

Doubling the distance between two objects halves the gravitational force between them.

The escape velocity from Earth is greater for larger rockets than for small ones.

Tidal friction caused by Earth's stretching from the Moon's gravity is gradually slowing down the rotation of Earth.

The Moon is slowly moving away from Earth.

Unbound orbits have more orbital energy than bound orbits.

When you experience a downward gravitational force from the Earth, the Earth experiences a weaker upward gravitational force from you.

Planets with larger orbital radii have longer orbital periods only because they have a longer distance to travel in each orbit.

Planets with larger orbital radii have longer orbital periods because they both have a longer distance to travel in each orbit and move more slowly.

To measure the mass of an astronomical object, one can observe the orbital period and distance of a companion.

Study Notes

Gravity and Motion

Forces and Acceleration

Newton's Laws of Motion

Energy and Potential

Gravitational Forces

Kepler's Laws and Orbital Mechanics

Tidal Phenomena

Gravitational Equation and Constants

Orbital Periods and Characteristics

Temperature and Energy Dynamics

Misconceptions and Truths

Studying That Suits You

Description

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