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Questions and Answers
What is the circumference of the Earth?
40,000,000 m
Which type of galaxy is Andromeda?
The Orion Nebula is about 1400 light-years away from Earth.
True
A star cluster known by its catalog number M9 contains around 250,000 stars and is located roughly 25,000 ___________ away.
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What is the diameter of the Universe?
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State the null and alternative hypotheses for the medical trial testing whether a new medicine reduces cholesterol by 25%.
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State the null and alternative hypotheses for testing whether the mean height of eighth graders is 66 inches. Fill in the correct symbol for the hypotheses.
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State the null and alternative hypotheses for testing if it takes fewer than 45 minutes to teach a lesson plan. Fill in the correct symbols for the hypotheses.
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State the null and alternative hypotheses for the percentage of U.S. students who take advanced placement exams being more than 6.6%.
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State the null and alternative hypotheses for more than 40% of students passing the state driver’s test on the first try. Fill in the correct symbols for the hypotheses.
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Study Notes
Our Place in Space
- The distance from the Earth's surface to the top of a person's head is approximately 2 meters.
- The circumference of the Earth is approximately 40,000,000 meters.
- The radius of the Solar System is approximately 6,000,000,000,000 meters.
- The distance from the Earth to the Sun is approximately 6 x 10^12 meters.
- The radius of the Galaxy is approximately 5 x 10^20 meters.
- The diameter of the Universe is approximately 9 x 10^26 meters.
Mars and Galaxies
- The Valles Marineris canyon on Mars is as long as the United States is wide.
- Interacting galaxies can be hundreds of millions of light-years away from us.
- The Crab Nebula is the remnant of a star that exploded in 1054.
The Night Sky
- Astronomy is the oldest physical science.
- The Orion Nebula is a cloud of gas and dust that is about 1400 light-years away.
- The gas and dust in the Orion Nebula are illuminated by the intense light from a few energetic adolescent stars.
Telescopes
- The Hubble Space Telescope is one of many astronomical instruments in space.
- The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will replace the Hubble Space Telescope.
Home
- The Western hemisphere can be viewed from space 35,400 kilometers above Earth.
- Earth and the Moon are shown to scale for both size and distance.
Solar System
- The Sun, the planets, and some dwarf planets are shown to scale, with the orbits of the planets much more widely separated than shown.
- The Milky Way Galaxy is thought to be similar to the spiral galaxy NGC 1073.
Galaxies
- The Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud are neighbor galaxies.
- The Andromeda galaxy (M31) is a spiral-shaped collection of stars similar to our own Milky Way.
- The Fornax Cluster of Galaxies is a cluster of galaxies located about 60 million light-years away.
Cosmic Time
- On a cosmic calendar, where the time since the Big Bang is compressed into 1 year, humans do not emerge until the evening of December 31.
Null and Alternative Hypotheses
- A statistical test begins by considering two hypotheses: the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (Ha)
- H0: a statement of no difference between variables, often considered the status quo
- Ha: a claim about the population that contradicts H0, usually what the researcher is trying to prove
Characteristics of H0 and Ha
- H0: typically contains the symbol "=" (equal), indicating no difference
- Ha: typically contains the symbol "≠" (not equal), ">" (greater than), or "<" (less than), indicating a difference
Examples of H0 and Ha
- Example 9.1: Testing the percentage of registered voters in Santa Clara County who voted in the primary election
- H0: p ≤ 0.30 (no more than 30% voted)
- Ha: p > 0.30 (more than 30% voted)
- Example 9.2: Testing the mean GPA of students in American colleges
- H0: μ = 2.0 (mean GPA is 2.0)
- Ha: μ ≠2.0 (mean GPA is not 2.0)
- Example 9.3: Testing the mean time it takes for college students to graduate
- H0: μ ≥ 5 (mean time is 5 years or more)
- Ha: μ < 5 (mean time is less than 5 years)
- Example 9.4: Testing the percentage of U.S. students who take advanced placement exams
- H0: p ≤ 0.066 (percentage is 6.6% or less)
- Ha: p > 0.066 (percentage is more than 6.6%)
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Description
Explore the basics of astronomy, understanding our place in space, and the scale of the universe. This quiz covers the dimensions of the Earth, Solar System, and human scales.
