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Questions and Answers
What is the circumference of the Earth?
What is the circumference of the Earth?
40,000,000 m
Which type of galaxy is Andromeda?
Which type of galaxy is Andromeda?
The Orion Nebula is about 1400 light-years away from Earth.
The Orion Nebula is about 1400 light-years away from Earth.
True
A star cluster known by its catalog number M9 contains around 250,000 stars and is located roughly 25,000 ___________ away.
A star cluster known by its catalog number M9 contains around 250,000 stars and is located roughly 25,000 ___________ away.
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What is the diameter of the Universe?
What is the diameter of the Universe?
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State the null and alternative hypotheses for the medical trial testing whether a new medicine reduces cholesterol by 25%.
State the null and alternative hypotheses for the medical trial testing whether a new medicine reduces cholesterol by 25%.
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State the null and alternative hypotheses for testing whether the mean height of eighth graders is 66 inches. Fill in the correct symbol for the hypotheses.
State the null and alternative hypotheses for testing whether the mean height of eighth graders is 66 inches. Fill in the correct symbol for the hypotheses.
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State the null and alternative hypotheses for testing if it takes fewer than 45 minutes to teach a lesson plan. Fill in the correct symbols for the hypotheses.
State the null and alternative hypotheses for testing if it takes fewer than 45 minutes to teach a lesson plan. Fill in the correct symbols for the hypotheses.
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State the null and alternative hypotheses for the percentage of U.S. students who take advanced placement exams being more than 6.6%.
State the null and alternative hypotheses for the percentage of U.S. students who take advanced placement exams being more than 6.6%.
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State the null and alternative hypotheses for more than 40% of students passing the state driver’s test on the first try. Fill in the correct symbols for the hypotheses.
State the null and alternative hypotheses for more than 40% of students passing the state driver’s test on the first try. Fill in the correct symbols for the hypotheses.
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Study Notes
Our Place in Space
- The distance from the Earth's surface to the top of a person's head is approximately 2 meters.
- The circumference of the Earth is approximately 40,000,000 meters.
- The radius of the Solar System is approximately 6,000,000,000,000 meters.
- The distance from the Earth to the Sun is approximately 6 x 10^12 meters.
- The radius of the Galaxy is approximately 5 x 10^20 meters.
- The diameter of the Universe is approximately 9 x 10^26 meters.
Mars and Galaxies
- The Valles Marineris canyon on Mars is as long as the United States is wide.
- Interacting galaxies can be hundreds of millions of light-years away from us.
- The Crab Nebula is the remnant of a star that exploded in 1054.
The Night Sky
- Astronomy is the oldest physical science.
- The Orion Nebula is a cloud of gas and dust that is about 1400 light-years away.
- The gas and dust in the Orion Nebula are illuminated by the intense light from a few energetic adolescent stars.
Telescopes
- The Hubble Space Telescope is one of many astronomical instruments in space.
- The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will replace the Hubble Space Telescope.
Home
- The Western hemisphere can be viewed from space 35,400 kilometers above Earth.
- Earth and the Moon are shown to scale for both size and distance.
Solar System
- The Sun, the planets, and some dwarf planets are shown to scale, with the orbits of the planets much more widely separated than shown.
- The Milky Way Galaxy is thought to be similar to the spiral galaxy NGC 1073.
Galaxies
- The Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud are neighbor galaxies.
- The Andromeda galaxy (M31) is a spiral-shaped collection of stars similar to our own Milky Way.
- The Fornax Cluster of Galaxies is a cluster of galaxies located about 60 million light-years away.
Cosmic Time
- On a cosmic calendar, where the time since the Big Bang is compressed into 1 year, humans do not emerge until the evening of December 31.
Null and Alternative Hypotheses
- A statistical test begins by considering two hypotheses: the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (Ha)
- H0: a statement of no difference between variables, often considered the status quo
- Ha: a claim about the population that contradicts H0, usually what the researcher is trying to prove
Characteristics of H0 and Ha
- H0: typically contains the symbol "=" (equal), indicating no difference
- Ha: typically contains the symbol "≠" (not equal), ">" (greater than), or "<" (less than), indicating a difference
Examples of H0 and Ha
- Example 9.1: Testing the percentage of registered voters in Santa Clara County who voted in the primary election
- H0: p ≤ 0.30 (no more than 30% voted)
- Ha: p > 0.30 (more than 30% voted)
- Example 9.2: Testing the mean GPA of students in American colleges
- H0: μ = 2.0 (mean GPA is 2.0)
- Ha: μ ≠ 2.0 (mean GPA is not 2.0)
- Example 9.3: Testing the mean time it takes for college students to graduate
- H0: μ ≥ 5 (mean time is 5 years or more)
- Ha: μ < 5 (mean time is less than 5 years)
- Example 9.4: Testing the percentage of U.S. students who take advanced placement exams
- H0: p ≤ 0.066 (percentage is 6.6% or less)
- Ha: p > 0.066 (percentage is more than 6.6%)
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Description
Explore the basics of astronomy, understanding our place in space, and the scale of the universe. This quiz covers the dimensions of the Earth, Solar System, and human scales.
