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Questions and Answers
What is the primary pathophysiological feature of asthma?
What is the primary pathophysiological feature of asthma?
- Chronic airway remodeling
- Episodic airway obstruction (correct)
- Acute respiratory infections
- Persistent cough with sputum production
Which of the following classes of steroids does NOT include glucocorticoids?
Which of the following classes of steroids does NOT include glucocorticoids?
- Mineralocorticoids (correct)
- Progestins (correct)
- Adrenal Cortical Hormones
- Cortisol
Which statement differentiates asthma from COPD?
Which statement differentiates asthma from COPD?
- Asthma is known for more intermittent airflow limitation. (correct)
- Asthma does not include episodic airway obstruction.
- Asthma typically shows progressively worsening airflow.
- Asthma features chronically inflammatory changes.
What is the functional role of mucolytics in pharmacological treatment?
What is the functional role of mucolytics in pharmacological treatment?
Which type of corticosteroids is typically associated with the anti-inflammatory response in chronic conditions?
Which type of corticosteroids is typically associated with the anti-inflammatory response in chronic conditions?
What is a key characteristic of B2-selective agents used in inhaled therapies?
What is a key characteristic of B2-selective agents used in inhaled therapies?
Which factor is associated with an increased risk of respiratory tract infections in infants?
Which factor is associated with an increased risk of respiratory tract infections in infants?
What component of the respiratory deposition model is crucial for effective inhaled therapies?
What component of the respiratory deposition model is crucial for effective inhaled therapies?
Which of the following medications is classified as a long-acting corticosteroid?
Which of the following medications is classified as a long-acting corticosteroid?
In pharmacotherapy for COPD, which of the following interventions is essential?
In pharmacotherapy for COPD, which of the following interventions is essential?
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a risk factor for recurrent respiratory tract infections?
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a risk factor for recurrent respiratory tract infections?
What is a characteristic of controllers and relievers regarding color coding?
What is a characteristic of controllers and relievers regarding color coding?
Which medication is an example of a Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA)?
Which medication is an example of a Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA)?
What is the main purpose of leukotriene pathway inhibitors in respiratory pharmacotherapy?
What is the main purpose of leukotriene pathway inhibitors in respiratory pharmacotherapy?
Considering the cough pathway, which factor is NOT a typical trigger for a cough reflex?
Considering the cough pathway, which factor is NOT a typical trigger for a cough reflex?
What type of medication is Indacaterol classified as?
What type of medication is Indacaterol classified as?
What is a common property that ideal cough preparations should possess?
What is a common property that ideal cough preparations should possess?
Which of the following medications is NOT considered a mast cell stabilizer?
Which of the following medications is NOT considered a mast cell stabilizer?
What effect can occur due to stimulation of β2-receptors in skeletal muscles?
What effect can occur due to stimulation of β2-receptors in skeletal muscles?
Which mechanism is primarily related to the adverse effects of β2-agonists?
Which mechanism is primarily related to the adverse effects of β2-agonists?
What is a cardiovascular effect attributed to β2-receptors?
What is a cardiovascular effect attributed to β2-receptors?
What is a common misconception regarding the effects of muscarinic antagonists?
What is a common misconception regarding the effects of muscarinic antagonists?
Which compound inhibits both phosphodiesterase and adenosine, affecting muscle and cardiovascular response?
Which compound inhibits both phosphodiesterase and adenosine, affecting muscle and cardiovascular response?
Which LABA has the shortest onset of action?
Which LABA has the shortest onset of action?
Which of the following LABAs is administered twice a day?
Which of the following LABAs is administered twice a day?
What is the duration of action for Indacaterol?
What is the duration of action for Indacaterol?
Which LABA has the longest half-life?
Which LABA has the longest half-life?
What is the onset of action for Olodaterol?
What is the onset of action for Olodaterol?
What is true about the administration frequency of Olodaterol and Villanterol?
What is true about the administration frequency of Olodaterol and Villanterol?
How does the lipophilic component contribute to LABAs?
How does the lipophilic component contribute to LABAs?
Which LABA is noted for having both a 12-hour duration of action and the ability to be used as a reliever?
Which LABA is noted for having both a 12-hour duration of action and the ability to be used as a reliever?
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Study Notes
Asthma vs. COPD
- Asthma and COPD are major global health concerns
- Both are characterized by airway obstruction
- Asthma is characterized by episodic airway obstruction with variable airflow limitation
- Asthma can be associated with airway inflammation and structural changes
- COPD is characterized by progressively worsening airflow limitation
- COPD may present with shortness of breath and dyspnea, even with high doses of control meds
Asthma
- Respond well to inhaled corticosteroids and other controllers with a red or brown color code
- Respond well to relievers with a blue color code
- For poorly controlled asthma patients, add-on therapies may be necessary, including
- Long-acting antimuscarinic agent (LAMA)
- Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA)
- Targeted (monoclonal antibody) therapy
COPD
- For poorly-controlled COPD patients, add-on therapies may be necessary, including
- Long-acting antimuscarinic agent (LAMA)
- Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA)
- Targeted (monoclonal antibody) therapy
β2-agonists Adverser Effects
- β2-agonists are used to treat asthma and COPD
- β2-agonists work by stimulating β2-receptors in the lungs
- Some common adverse events of β2-agonists include:
- Tremors - due to stimulation of β2-receptors in skeletal muscles
- Vasodilation - due to β2-receptor stimulation
Characteristics of Long Acting β2-Agonists (LABA)
- LABAs are used to treat both Asthma and COPD
- LABAs are lipophilic and have a long duration of action
- Some common LABAs include:
- Salmeterol - has a duration of action of 12 hours and is typically given twice a day
- Formoterol - has a duration of action of 12 hours and is typically given twice a day
- Olodaterol - has a duration of action of 24 hours and is typically given once a day
- Villanterol - has a duration of action of 24 hours and is typically given once a day
- Indacaterol - has a duration of action of 24 hours and is typically given once a day
- Indacaterol has the longest half-life of all the LABAs
- Olodaterol, Villanterol, and Indacaterol are typically given once a day due to their 24 hour duration of action
Respiratory Deposition Model
- The respiratory deposition model helps to understand how inhaled medications reach their target in the lungs
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