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Asthma and Respiratory Flow
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Asthma and Respiratory Flow

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor that determines resistance to flow in a tube?

  • Radius of the tube (correct)
  • Length of the tube
  • Pressure difference across the tube
  • Viscosity of the fluid

    • What happens to resistance to flow when the radius of a tube is halved?

  • It increases 2-fold
  • It increases 16-fold (correct)
  • It increases 4-fold
  • It remains the same

    • What is the term for the law that describes the relationship between flow, pressure difference, and resistance?

  • Poiseuille's Law
  • Ohm's Law
  • Law of Flow (correct)
  • Darcy's Law

    • What is the equivalent of voltage in a fluid flow system?

    <p>Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the main site of airway resistance in the respiratory system?

    <p>Medium-sized bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect on flow when the radius of a tube is halved, with the same pressure gradient?

    <p>Flow is reduced to 1/16th</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the law that describes the relationship between resistance to flow, radius of the tube, and other factors?

    <p>Poiseuille's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of current in a fluid flow system?

    <p>Flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor within the airways that affects RAW?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in normal people but more readily if airway resistance is high?

    <p>Dynamic compression of airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

    <p>NO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of maximum airway resistance?

    <p>Generation 3 or 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure within the airways that causes dynamic compression?

    <p>Positive intrapleural pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate lung compliance?

    <p>Change in lung volume / Change in transpulmonary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force that makes the lungs expand?

    <p>Transpulmonary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured using an oesophageal balloon?

    <p>Intrapleural pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ease with which the lungs can be expanded by a given change in pressure?

    <p>Lung compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of high RAW and dynamic compression of airways?

    <p>Slow expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of surfactant in the lungs?

    <p>To reduce the surface tension of the alveolar lining fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

    <p>Inadequate surfactant production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the law that describes the relationship between pressure, radius, and surface tension?

    <p>Laplace's law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the forced expiratory spirogram in obstructive lung disease?

    <p>FEV1/FVC &lt; 75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between obstructive and restrictive lung disease?

    <p>Lung compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of type II pneumocytes?

    <p>To produce surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pores that connect adjacent alveoli?

    <p>Pores of Kohn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measurement of airway resistance using a body plethysmograph?

    <p>Raw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abnormality in lung compliance that occurs in emphysema?

    <p>Increased lung compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity?

    <p>FEV1/FVC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the shape of the static pressure-volume loop?

    <p>Lung compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An individual with emphysema would have a lung compliance that is:

    <p>Higher than normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for lung compliance?

    <p>L.kPa-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lung volumes is typically associated with maximum lung compliance?

    <p>Normal tidal volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of elastic resistance in the lung?

    <p>Both elastin and collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic histological feature of lung fibrosis?

    <p>Fibrous tissue and inflammatory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with low lung compliance?

    <p>Lung fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of surface tension in the lung?

    <p>To stretch the air-fluid interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased lung recoil on functional residual capacity?

    <p>Reduced FRC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of emphysema on lung recoil and FRC?

    <p>Reduced lung recoil, increased FRC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of lung fibrosis on lung recoil and FRC?

    <p>Increased lung recoil, reduced FRC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would NOT affect FRC?

    <p>Respiratory muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of the lungs to expand and contract?

    <p>Lung compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of surfactant in the lungs?

    <p>To reduce the surface tension at the alveolar air-fluid interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Airway Resistance

    • Airway resistance (RAW) is the opposition to airflow in the airways
    • RAW is affected by factors such as bronchial smooth muscle tone, inflammation, and pressure across the airway wall
    • Local factors affecting airway resistance include CO2, NANC, adrenaline, histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes
    • Dynamic compression of airways occurs when intrapleural pressure exceeds airway pressure, causing airways to collapse
    • Airways most likely to collapse are those around generation 3 or 4, where pressure within the airways falls below PIP during forced expiration

    Lung Compliance

    • Lung compliance is the ease with which lungs can be expanded by a given change in pressure
    • It is measured as the change in lung volume per unit change in transpulmonary pressure
    • Lung compliance is affected by factors such as lung fibrosis, emphysema, and surfactant production
    • In normal lungs, compliance is maximum around normal tidal volume and decreases at high and low lung volumes
    • Stiff lungs have low lung compliance, while floppy lungs have high lung compliance

    Surfactant

    • Surfactant is a mixture of phospholipids and proteins produced by type II pneumocytes
    • It reduces surface tension in proportion to surface concentration, maintaining compliance and preventing alveolar collapse
    • Absence of surfactant is a complication of premature birth, leading to neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

    Lung Function Tests

    • Simple tests of lung function include spirometry, FEV1/FVC, and peak expiratory flow rate
    • FEV1 and FVC are useful in distinguishing between obstructive and restrictive lung disease
    • Peak flow rate is a measure of airway resistance and is affected by the same factors as FEV1 and FVC

    Respiratory System

    • Normal respiratory system: airways and alveoli are normal, respiratory muscles are normal, and lung volumes and airflow rates are normal
    • Obstructive lung disease: airways are narrowed, airflow is impaired, and lung volumes are normal
    • Restrictive lung disease: alveoli are stiff, lung expansion is poor, and respiratory muscles may be weak

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    Description

    Learn about the effects of severe asthma on respiratory flow and the Law of Flow, also known as Darcy's Law, which relates to pressure difference and resistance.

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