Asthma and COPD Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

  • Temporary breathlessness
  • Inflammation of the airway
  • Irreversible airway obstruction (correct)
  • Reversible airway obstruction

Asthma can be completely cured with medication.

False (B)

List one common investigation used in the diagnosis of asthma.

Spirometry

In asthma, the immediate/early phase involves ______ and blood vessel dilation.

<p>bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the diseases with their main characteristics:

<p>Asthma = Reversible airway obstruction COPD = Irreversible airway obstruction Chronic bronchitis = Chronic cough with mucus production Emphysema = Destruction of alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is commonly used in the management of asthma?

<p>Corticosteroids (B), Bronchodilators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Smoking cessation is important for managing asthma.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define FEV1.

<p>Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with asthma?

<p>Reversible airway obstruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asthma can only be classified as intrinsic with no external triggers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of asthma classified by their causes?

<p>Extrinsic and Intrinsic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The immediate effect of an allergen trigger in asthma involves the degranulation of ______ cells.

<p>Mast</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following asthma characteristics to their definitions:

<p>Atopy = A genetic predisposition to allergic symptoms Hyperresponsiveness = Exaggerated airway response to stimuli Chronic inflammation = Long-term respiratory tract swelling Bronchodilator Reversibility = Improvement in airflow following bronchodilator use</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark feature of late phase asthma response?

<p>Vascular leakage and edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Salbutamol is used as part of the emergency treatment for severe asthma attacks.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In asthma, elevated ______ levels can indicate airway inflammation.

<p>FeNO</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of chronic bronchitis?

<p>Shortness of breath (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic bronchitis leads to a decrease in mucus production.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes centriacinar emphysema?

<p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

In emphysema, the loss of __________ impairs lung function.

<p>elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of emphysema with its cause:

<p>Centriacinar emphysema = Smoking Panacinar emphysema = Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Chronic bronchitis = Mucus overproduction Emphysema = Alveolar wall destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are predominantly accumulated in the lungs during emphysema?

<p>Macrophages and CD8+ T-lymphocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thickening and scarring of airway tissue occurs in emphysema.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the inflammation in airway cells during chronic bronchitis lead to?

<p>Immune cell buildup and increased mucus production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary symptom of COPD?

<p>Productive cough with sputum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The FEV1/FVC ratio is reduced in restrictive lung diseases.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In ______ lung diseases, patients have difficulty exhaling air.

<p>obstructive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the condition with its characteristic pattern in flow-volume loops:

<p>Obstructive = Steeple pattern Restrictive = Reduction in volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly recommended for COPD management?

<p>Smoking cessation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequent infective exacerbations with purulent sputum are typical in asthma.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Asthma Aetiology

Factors that cause asthma, including allergies and environmental triggers.

COPD Aetiology

Factors that cause COPD, primarily smoking.

Asthma Pathophysiology

The biological processes involved in asthma, including stages like early and late-phase responses.

COPD Pathophysiology

How COPD affects lung function, with reversible and irreversible obstructions.

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Spirometry

A lung function test measuring airflow.

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FEV1

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second, a measure of how much air you can forcefully exhale.

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Obstructive vs. Restrictive Disorders

Different patterns of lung function problems; one hindering airflow (obstructive), the other hindering lung expansion (restrictive).

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Flow-Volume Loops

Graphs showing how quickly and maximally air flows in and out of the lungs during a spirometry test.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A progressive lung disease causing airflow obstruction and breathing difficulties. Primarily caused by smoking.

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Chronic Bronchitis

A type of COPD characterized by persistent inflammation and mucus buildup in the airways.

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Emphysema

Another type of COPD involving the destruction of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs.

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Alveolar Wall Destruction

Breakdown of the thin walls separating the air sacs in emphysema.

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Air Space Enlargement

Increase in the size of the air sacs due to alveolar wall destruction in emphysema.

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Reduced Surface Area

Less space for oxygen exchange in the lungs as a result of air space enlargement in emphysema.

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Centriacinar Emphysema

A type of emphysema affecting the central part of the alveoli, often caused by smoking.

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Panacinar Emphysema

A type of emphysema affecting the entire alveolus, more commonly linked to Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

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What are the 3 main features of asthma?

Asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation.

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Differentiate between extrinsic and intrinsic asthma.

Extrinsic asthma is caused specifically by allergens, while intrinsic asthma has triggers that are not directly related to allergens.

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What happens in the early phase of an asthma attack?

Mast cells release chemical mediators like histamine in response to allergens, resulting in bronchospasm (constriction of airways).

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What characterizes the late phase of an asthma attack?

A late phase reaction occurs 1-8 hours after exposure, featuring edema, mucus secretion, and infiltration of inflammatory cells.

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What are the long-term changes in the airways in chronic asthma?

Chronic inflammation causes goblet cell hyperplasia (increased mucus production), thickened basement membrane, and smooth muscle hypertrophy (growth).

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What are the key investigations to diagnose asthma?

A detailed patient history, spirometry test, bronchodilator reversibility test (FEV1 increase), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and bronchial challenge test are used to diagnose asthma.

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How is asthma treated?

Mild asthma is treated with bronchodilators like salbutamol, while more severe cases require inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and sometimes leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA).

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What is a key factor contributing to COPD?

Smoking is the primary cause of COPD, but other factors like air pollution and genetic predisposition also play a role.

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COPD Symptoms

COPD causes chronic cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and recurrent infections with thick mucus.

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FEV1/FVC Ratio

The ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC). It reflects how much air you can exhale quickly in relation to your total lung capacity.

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Obstructive Lung Disease

Difficulty exhaling air due to narrowed airways. COPD, asthma, and cystic fibrosis are examples.

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Restrictive Lung Disease

Difficulty inhaling air due to reduced lung expansion. Conditions like pulmonary fibrosis and scoliosis fall under this category.

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Flow-Volume Loops: Obstructive

Flow-volume loops in obstructive diseases have a 'steeple' pattern. The peak flow rate is reduced, and the exhalation curve is flattened.

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Flow-Volume Loops: Restrictive

Flow-volume loops in restrictive diseases show a reduced overall volume, with the exhalation curve shifting to the left.

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Study Notes

Asthma

  • Asthma is a chronic disease affecting people of all ages.
  • Characterized by airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus production.
  • Etiology: Extrinsic (exacerbated by environmental factors like allergens) and Intrinsic (related to internal factors).
  • Pathophysiology: Involves IgE, mast cells, eosinophils, goblet cells, and basement membranes. Stages include immediate/early, late, and chronic.
  • Investigations: Strong history and clinical signs, diurnal peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) variability, bronchodilator reversibility test, bronchial challenge test (histamine).

COPD

  • COPD is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  • Characterized by airflow limitation that's not fully reversible.
  • Etiology: Smoking is the leading cause. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency also plays a role.
  • Pathophysiology: Emphysema (destruction of alveoli) and chronic bronchitis (inflammation of bronchioles) are common.
    • Reversible and irreversible causes of airflow obstruction.
    • Structural, functional, and immunological changes.
  • Symptoms: Cough, shortness of breath (dyspnea), and sputum production.
  • Investigations: Spirometry (reduced FEV1/FVC ratio), chest X-ray, arterial blood gases (ABGs).
  • Treatment: Primarily focuses on managing symptoms, like smoking cessation and bronchodilators.

Lung Function Tests

  • Obstructive: Difficulty exhaling air (e.g., asthma, COPD). -FEV1 is impacted
  • Restrictive: Difficulty inhaling air (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis). -Impacted FVC
  • Spirometry measures forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). A low FEV1/FVC ratio suggests obstructive disease.
  • Flow-volume loops are helpful for determining obstructive and restrictive patterns. Obstructive = steeple patterns. Restrictive = reduction in overall volume.

Treatment

  • Asthma treatment includes relievers (like salbutamol) and controllers (like inhaled corticosteroids). Severe cases might require hospitalization.
  • COPD treatment primarily focuses on symptom management, including bronchodilators and smoking cessation programs.

Practice Questions

  • There are practice questions provided for both asthma and COPD. There are questions on both topics.

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Related Documents

Asthma and COPD - Spirometry PDF

Description

This quiz explores the chronic diseases of Asthma and COPD, covering their etiology, pathophysiology, and methods of investigation. It is suitable for students learning about respiratory health and disease management. Test your understanding of the key concepts related to these conditions.

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