AST01: Major Historical Events in Astronomy
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Questions and Answers

Who developed the Laws of Planetary Motion in 1609?

  • Isaac Newton
  • Tycho Brahe
  • Johannes Kepler (correct)
  • Galileo Galilei

    • What is the focus of Astrochemistry?

  • The study of life origin, evolution, and its future in the universe
  • The study of the largest structure of the universe, and the universe itself
  • The study of the chemical abundance, reactions and interactions inside stars, interstellar medium, solar system, galaxies, and of the Universe (correct)
  • The study of the universe's origin and evolution

    • What is the study of the comparative analysis of the chemical, physical, environmental, astrophysical, biological, and atmospheric inquiry of different planets?

  • Astronomy Education
  • Ethnoastronomy
  • Archaeoastronomy
  • Planetology (correct)

    • What is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun?

    <p>149 million kilometers or 93 million miles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the Manila Observatory established?

    <p>1865</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of astronomy that deals with the transmission of astronomical learning, concepts, and knowledge?

    <p>Astronomy Education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Cosmology focused on?

    <p>The study of the largest structure of the universe, and the universe itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Laplace's Nebula Theory, what was the original state of the cloud of gas?

    <p>It was spinning slowly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who launched Sputnik 1 in 1957?

    <p>The Soviet Union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distance traveled by light in one year?

    <p>1 light year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the decree that declared the celebration of the National Astronomy Week every third week of February?

    <p>Proclamation Decree No. 130</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who became the first man in space in 1961?

    <p>Yuri Gagarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of Laplace's Nebula Theory?

    <p>It proposes that planets were formed by the condensation of annular rings around the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh?

    <p>Pluto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What branch of astronomy deals with the unique practices, beliefs, and traditions of a certain group of people in relation to astronomy?

    <p>Ethnoastronomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the Philippine Space Agency established?

    <p>2019</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of 3.26 light years?

    <p>1 parsec</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Archaeoastronomy illustrate?

    <p>The recovery of cultural and analysis of astronomical material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Schmidt-Lyttleton Accretion Theory, what happens to the material from the cloud?

    <p>It gets focused gravitationally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the Schmidt-Lyttleton Accretion Theory and the Proto-planet Theory?

    <p>The state of turbulence in the initial cloud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is plotted on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram?

    <p>The temperature of stars against their luminosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who modified the Schmidt Accretion Theory to remove the need for a third body?

    <p>Lyttleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the Capture Theory?

    <p>Planar structure with highly elliptical orbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of stars are Main Sequence stars?

    <p>80%-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial state of the cloud in the Proto-planet Theory?

    <p>In a state of hypersonic turbulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristics of Red Giant stars?

    <p>High luminosity, low surface temperature, and large radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of galaxy has a ball-shaped nucleus inside a disc with spiral arms?

    <p>Spiral Galaxy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contribution of Prentice to the Modern Laplacian Theory?

    <p>Providing a mathematical explanation of planetary formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass range of the disc in the Solar Nebula Theory?

    <p>0.01 to 0.1 solar masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the color of a star in a spectrum?

    <p>Its surface temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the Solar Nebula Theory?

    <p>Cameron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram?

    <p>To understand the internal structure and evolutionary stage of stars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of galaxy is characterized by a simple ball shape and dominated by old red and yellow stars?

    <p>Elliptical Galaxy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the Solar Nebula Theory and the Modern Laplacian Theory?

    <p>The role of angular momentum in planetary formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of galaxies are Spiral Galaxies?

    <p>25%-30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Barred-Spiral Galaxies?

    <p>Spiral arms emerge from the ends of a linear or football-shaped cloud of stars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the raw material from which stars can be formed in the disk of the galaxy?

    <p>Cold molecular and atomic hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nebula is formed when a hot interstellar cloud emits visible light?

    <p>Emission Nebula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stars produce ultraviolet radiation that can ionize the hydrogen and other atoms in emission nebulae?

    <p>Type O and B stars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of dust particles in reflection nebulae?

    <p>They reflect light from nearby stars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nebula hides the stars it contains?

    <p>Dark Nebula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to planetary nebulae as they grow larger?

    <p>They expand into space and fade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of ultraviolet radiation that ionizes surrounding clouds of gas?

    <p>Hot newly formed stars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of old stars that started out resembling the Sun?

    <p>They have expelled their outer atmospheric layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nebula is formed when old stars expel their outer atmospheric layers?

    <p>Planetary Nebula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the Kuiper Belt?

    <p>A very distant version of the Asteroid Belt that extends from the orbit of Neptune out to a distance of well beyond 50 AU from the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram?

    <p>To study the evolution of stars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the solar system is the origin of most comets?

    <p>The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Ceres?

    <p>A dwarf planet in the Asteroid Belt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Oort Cloud?

    <p>A shell of frozen bits of ice and rock that surrounds the entire solar system with a shell of frozen bits of ice and rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dwarf planet is in the Kuiper Belt?

    <p>Pluto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Asteroid Belt?

    <p>The gap between Mars and Jupiter where hundreds of thousands of known asteroids orbit the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Haumea?

    <p>A dwarf planet in the Kuiper Belt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of galaxy is characterized by having a ball shape and dominated by old stars?

    <p>Elliptical Galaxies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of galaxy features spiral arms that emerge from the ends of a linear cloud of stars?

    <p>Barred-Spiral Galaxies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of Spiral Galaxies?

    <p>Presence of spiral arms and a central nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of galaxies exhibits little sign of star-forming activity?

    <p>Elliptical Galaxies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of galaxies are estimated to be spiral galaxies?

    <p>25-30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the characteristics of Dwarf Galaxies?

    <p>They are small and contain fewer stars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Peculiar Galaxies from other types of galaxies?

    <p>They have unusual shapes and features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these galaxy types typically lacks any significant structure such as spiral arms?

    <p>Elliptical Galaxies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of elliptical galaxies?

    <p>They possess a simple ball shape with mainly old stars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of galaxy is known for having a central bar-shaped structure?

    <p>Barred-Spiral Galaxy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in the peculiar shape of peculiar galaxies?

    <p>Galactic collisions causing distortions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dwarf galaxies are characterized by which of the following?

    <p>Very few stars and low mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about low surface brightness galaxies?

    <p>They can appear faint despite having ample gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes spiral galaxies from other galaxy types?

    <p>They have distinct spiral arms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures comprises the Milky Way Galaxy?

    <p>Bulge, disk, and halo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Galaxy clusters are characterized by which of the following?

    <p>Being the largest gravitationally bound structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Major Historical Events in Astronomy

    • 1054: Chinese astronomers observed the supernova that formed into Crab Nebula
    • 1570: Tycho Brahe conducted a detailed survey of the night sky
    • 1609: Johannes Kepler developed the Laws of Planetary Motion
    • 1687: Isaac Newton developed the Universal Law of Gravitation
    • 1781: Discovery of Uranus by William Herschel
    • 1801: Discovery of Ceres by Giuseppe Piazzi
    • 1846: Discovery of Neptune by Urbein Le Verrier
    • 1930: Discovery of Pluto by Clyde Tombaugh
    • 1957: Launch of Sputnik 1
    • 1961: Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space
    • 1965: Discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background
    • 1975: Venera 9 becomes the first probe to land on Venus
    • 1976: Viking 1 becomes the first probe to land on Mars
    • 1977: Voyager 1 and 2 launch
    • 2015: New Horizons Pluto Flyby

    Astronomy in the Philippines

    • 1865: Astronomy in the Philippines started with the establishment of the Manila Observatory (Meteorologica De Manila) in Intramuros by Jesuit Scientists, founded by Fr. Federico Faura
    • 1993: Former President Fidel V. Ramos signed Proclamation Decree No. 130, declaring the celebration of National Astronomy Week every third week of February
    • 2000: Philippines registered as an Associate Member of the International Astronomical Union (IAU)
    • 2019: Philippine Space Agency was established through R.A. 11363

    Branches of Astronomy

    • Cosmology: focused on the largest structure of the universe, studying its origin and evolution since the Big Bang
    • Astrochemistry: focuses on the chemical abundance, reactions, and interactions inside stars, interstellar medium, solar system, galaxies, and the Universe
    • Astrobiology: covers the origin, evolution, and future of life in the universe, investigating the possible migration of the human race to other worlds
    • Ethnoastronomy/Archaeoastronomy/Historical Astronomy: describes unique practices, beliefs, and traditions of a certain group of people in relation to astronomy
    • Astronomy Education: deals with the transmission of astronomical learning, concepts, and knowledge for formal education or community outreach
    • Planetology: studies the comparative analysis of the chemical, physical, environmental, astrophysical, biological, and atmospheric inquiry of different planets in the solar system and exoplanets

    Conversions in Astronomy

    • Light Year: distance traveled by light in one year
    • Astronomical Unit (AU): average distance between the Earth and the Sun (149 million kilometers or 93 million miles)
    • Parsec: 3.26 light years

    Models and Theories of the Solar System

    • Laplace's Nebula Theory (1796): the theory states that the solar system began from a huge cloud of gas that collapsed under gravity, flattening to conserve angular momentum, and formed planets by condensation of annular rings around the Sun
    • Schmidt-Lyttleton Accretion Theory (1944): the Sun passed through a huge cloud of gas, acquiring matter to form planets, with the material getting focused gravitationally
    • Proto-planet Theory (1960): the solar system started with a cloud of dust and gas in a state of hypersonic turbulence, resulting in aggregation of masses at various places
    • Capture Theory (1964): the theory considers an interaction between a condensed solar mass star and a protostar of lesser mass, resulting in the formation of planets with planar structure and highly elliptical orbits
    • The Solar Nebula Theory (1973): the theory begins with a slowly rotating nebula, with planet formation starting with a disc of 0.01 to 0.1 solar masses
    • The Modern Laplacian Theory (1974): the theory starts with a cool gas cloud that condensed, with the angular momentum of the central body being only 1% of the system

    Nebulas, Star Clusters, Galaxies

    • Galaxies: huge grouping of stars, planets, star clusters, nebulae, black holes, dust, dark matter, and everything else, bound together by mutual gravity
    • Types of Galaxies:
      • Lenticular Galaxies (S0 class): with galactic disk, don't have spiral arms, little sign of star-forming activity in their disk, dominated by old red and yellow stars
      • Elliptical Galaxies (E0 circular - E7 elongated): simple ball shape, old stars and globular star clusters, implying that any star formation has long since ended
      • Spiral Galaxies (Sa - Sd (loose)): have vast, rotating discs of stars, dust, and gas, with a ball-shaped nucleus inside a disc with spiral arms
      • Barred-Spiral Galaxies (SBa - SBd): are spiral galaxies in which the spiral arms don't seem to emerge from the galaxy center but from the ends of a linear or football-shaped cloud of stars that straddle the center
    • Types of Nebulae:
      • Planetary Nebula: the atmosphere of old stars that started out resembling the Sun but then expelled their outer atmospheric layers
      • Emission Nebula: a hot interstellar cloud, emitting visible light, resulting in a glowing cloud
      • Reflection Nebula: the cloud is not hot enough to emit visible light, dust particles reflect light from nearby stars
      • Dark Nebula: a cloud of dust and cold gas, which does not emit visible light, hiding the stars it contains

    Peculiar Galaxies

    • Formed due to galactic collisions, resulting in a distorted shape of both galaxies
    • Smaller galaxies can collide with a larger one, going straight to its heart

    Dwarf Galaxies

    • Small, with diameters of only a few thousand light-years or less
    • Most abundant type of galaxy in the universe
    • Low luminosity and low mass

    Low Surface Brightness Galaxies

    • Can be as large as other galaxies, but with few stars, making them appear less bright
    • Rich in gas, but lack star formation

    Galaxy Clusters

    • Large-scale structures in the universe, consisting of hundreds to thousands of galaxies bound together by gravity
    • Can contain masses equivalent to hundreds of trillions of solar masses
    • Rich clusters contain over a thousand galaxies, mostly elliptical and concentrated towards the center
    • Poor clusters contain fewer than a thousand galaxies, spread over a larger region

    Milky Way Galaxy

    Main Parts

    • Bulge: contains older, Population II stars
    • Disk: contains stars, gas, and dust, with a mix of Population I and Population II stars
    • Halo: contains old stars, globular clusters, and significant amounts of dark matter

    Star Clusters

    • Grouping of stars, bound together by gravity

    Gas and Dust

    • Interstellar medium (ISM) is composed of 90% hydrogen and traces of helium
    • Cold clouds or molecular hydrogen
    • Important for star formation and galaxy evolution

    Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

    • Plots the temperature of stars against their luminosity (theoretical HR diagram) or color of stars against their absolute magnitude (observational HR diagram)
    • Helps determine a star's internal structure and evolutionary stage
    • Main sequence stars spend 80-90% of their lives in this stage
    • Red giant and super red giant stars have high luminosities, lower surface temperature, and larger radii

    Stellar Evolution

    • Helium-burning stars
    • White Dwarf Stars: the shed-off core of red giant stars
    • Nebulas, star clusters, and galaxies are all part of the stellar life cycle

    Galaxy Types

    • Lenticular Galaxies (S0 class): no spiral arms, dominated by old red and yellow stars
    • Elliptical Galaxies (E0 circular - E7 elongated): simple ball shape, old stars and globular star clusters
    • Spiral Galaxies (Sa - Sd): vast, rotating discs of stars, dust, and gas, with a ball-shaped nucleus and spiral arms
    • Barred-Spiral Galaxies (SBa - SBd): spiral galaxies with a linear or football-shaped cloud of stars straddling the center

    Interplanetary Bodies of the Solar System

    Asteroid Belt

    • Gap between Mars and Jupiter where hundreds of thousands of asteroids orbit the Sun
    • Dwarf planet Ceres is located in this region

    Kuiper Belt

    • Distant version of the Asteroid Belt, extending from Neptune's orbit to beyond 50 AU from the Sun
    • Dwarf planets Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris are located in this region

    Oort Cloud

    • Surrounds the entire solar system with a shell of frozen bits of ice and rock, stretching out to about a quarter of the way to the nearest star
    • Origin of most comets

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