Assisted Reproductive Technology Overview

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Questions and Answers

Why might identical twins reared apart show similar characteristics?

They have identical genetic material which influences their traits. (correct)

They often rely on each other for emotional support.

Their upbringing is the same due to family ties.

They share the same lifestyle choices and environments.

What is the term used to describe the tendency of individuals to seek out environments that are compatible with their genetic tendencies?

Niche-picking (correct)

Gene-environment interaction

Genetic predisposition

Environmental adaptation

What characterizes nonshared environmental influences in a family?

They arise from unique experiences specific to each child. (correct)

They are the same for identical twins regardless of upbringing.

They apply equally to all children within the same family.

They primarily stem from parental genetics.

What aspect of personality differs significantly between siblings, even in identical twins?

Intellectual capacity Signup and view all the answers

How do nonshared environmental influences impact siblings within the same family?

They introduce varying developmental experiences. Signup and view all the answers

According to behavioral genetics, what factor plays a crucial role in the varying development of siblings?

Distinct environmental experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why two children in the same family may differ greatly in personality?

They possess different genetic markers. Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason given for the variances in developmental experiences among children in the same family?

Different siblings may require varying types of stimulation. Signup and view all the answers

What process do monozygotic twins undergo before birth?

Cleaving of a single fertilized egg. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes dizygotic twins?

They result from two separate fertilized eggs. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ART, what is In Vitro Fertilization primarily focused on?

Surgically removing and fertilizing ova in a lab. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can cause monozygotic twins to differ in appearance despite their identical genetic makeup?

Environmental influences on genes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

Monozygotic twins come from a single fertilized egg, while dizygotic come from two. Signup and view all the answers

Which ART method can involve the direct placement of sperm into the woman's reproductive tract?

Artificial Insemination. Signup and view all the answers

What best characterizes the genetic similarity of monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins?

They are genetically identical, while dizygotic twins share only 50%. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential reason for couples to seek Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)?

To augment fertility in cases of difficulty conceiving naturally. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an individual who is homozygous for a trait?

They have two identical alleles. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the expression of a dominant allele?

It is always expressed regardless of the presence of a recessive allele. Signup and view all the answers

In order for a recessive trait to be expressed, what must occur?

The individual must receive one recessive allele from each parent. Signup and view all the answers

How does multifactorial transmission affect phenotypes?

It indicates that environmental factors can modify genotype expression. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Phenotype can be influenced by environmental factors regardless of genotype. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates polygenic inheritance?

Intelligence being influenced by multiple genes working together. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes heterozygous individuals?

They possess one dominant and one recessive allele for a trait. Signup and view all the answers

Which best explains the concept of dominance in genetics?

Dominant traits are expressed over recessive traits in an individual with mixed alleles. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

ART provides a means for couples who have difficulty conceiving naturally to augment their fertility.
ART utilizes various methods, including artificial insemination and In Vitro Fertilization.

Artificial Insemination

Involves injecting sperm into a woman's vagina, cervix or uterus.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Involves surgically extracting a woman's ova, fertilizing them in a lab dish and then implanting the fertilized egg(s) back into the woman's uterus.

Dizygotic Twins

Dizygotic twins, also referred to as fraternal twins, are the result of two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperm.
Each egg produces a unique individual.

Monozygotic Twins

Also referred to as identical twins.
Result from the cleaving of one fertilized egg.
Genetically identical.
Variations in outward appearance can result from environmental influences.

Alleles

Alternate versions of the same gene.
Every person receives one maternal and one paternal allele for every trait.
Homozygous: when both alleles are the same
Heterozygous: when both alleles are different.

Dominant Inheritance

Dominant allele is always expressed.
The person's appearance of the trait is the same whether they are heterozygous or homozygous

Recessive Inheritance

The person must have two recessive alleles (one from each parent) for the trait to be expressed.

Polygenic Inheritance

Interaction of several genes is involved in traits.
For example, intelligence is determined by the interaction of many genes.

Phenotype

Observable characteristics of a person.

Genotype

Underlying genetic makeup of a person.

Multifactorial Transmission

Environmental experience modifies the expression of the genotype for most traits.

Nonshared Environmental Influences

Unique environments experienced by individuals within the same family.
Contribute to variations in intellect and personality development.
Niche-picking: Individuals actively seeking environments compatible with their genotypes.
Examples of nonshared environments: unique friendships, hobbies, and experiences.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART), including methods such as artificial insemination and In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). Additionally, it explores the differences between dizygotic and monozygotic twins, as well as the concept of alleles. Test your knowledge on these important reproductive concepts!