Assessment of Abdomen and Breasts
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the lungs?

  • To conduct gas exchange (correct)
  • To produce hormones
  • To facilitate digestion
  • To regulate blood pressure

Which of the following conditions is characterized by excessive curvature of the spine that reduces lung expansion?

  • Barrel chest
  • Tachypnea
  • Pectus excavatum
  • Kyphosis (correct)

What is a common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

  • Genetic mutations
  • Viral infections
  • Smoking (correct)
  • Allergies

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with pneumonia?

<p>Wheezing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about alveoli is true?

<p>They are the site of gas exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of dyspnea?

<p>Difficulty breathing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these diseases is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

<p>Tuberculosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pleural effusion primarily characterized by?

<p>Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What finding on examination would most likely indicate acute bacterial sinusitis?

<p>Tenderness over the maxillary sinuses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nursing interventions is aimed at health promotion for patients with respiratory concerns?

<p>Advising on staying hydrated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary muscle of respiration?

<p>Diaphragm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to ensure infection control during a patient assessment?

<p>Use gloves and sanitize tools (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves to protect vital organs within the thorax?

<p>Sternum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pleura in the thoracic cavity?

<p>To cover and protect the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action should a nurse take when a patient presents with persistent abnormalities, such as white patches in the mouth?

<p>Refer the patient for further evaluation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the successful expansion and contraction of the ribcage during respiration?

<p>Intercostal muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sign may indicate severe respiratory distress in a patient during inspection?

<p>Use of accessory muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does unequal chest expansion suggest during palpation?

<p>Pneumothorax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lung sound is characterized by a soft, low-pitched sound heard over most lung fields?

<p>Vesicular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated if tactile fremitus is diminished when the patient says '99'?

<p>Fluid or air in the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During percussion, what sound is produced by normal lung tissue?

<p>Resonance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a patient with COPD be observed for during inspection?

<p>Pursed-lip breathing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing consideration is crucial for ensuring patient comfort during respiratory assessment?

<p>Positioning the patient upright (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does stridor indicate when auscultated in a patient?

<p>Obstruction in the upper airway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the left ventricle in the heart?

<p>It pumps oxygenated blood to the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart sound indicates the closure of the AV valves?

<p>S1 (Lub) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could S3 heart sound indicate?

<p>Fluid retention or heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood flow is indicated by the term 'Jugular Venous Distention (JVD)'?

<p>Increased central venous pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart is the strongest, responsible for high-pressure blood circulation?

<p>Left Ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a carotid bruit indicate?

<p>Atherosclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component involved in the normal blood flow sequence through the heart?

<p>Jugular vein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of heart murmurs?

<p>Valve stenosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct position for a patient during a cardiac assessment?

<p>Supine with the upper body elevated at 30-45° (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is the appropriate location for auscultating the aortic valve?

<p>2nd ICS, right sternal border (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should the bell of the stethoscope be used during auscultation?

<p>For low-pitched sounds like S3, S4, and murmurs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What finding is indicative of possible heart failure during assessment?

<p>Jugular vein distention at 45° (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which indicates the proper technique for palpating carotid arteries?

<p>Palpate one artery at a time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of arteries in the peripheral vascular system?

<p>To carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?

<p>Leg pain during walking (claudication) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is essential for patient comfort during the assessment?

<p>Explain procedures to reduce anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of veins are primarily responsible for carrying blood back to the heart?

<p>Veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of percussing during a heart assessment?

<p>To identify heart size and borders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a common assessment finding of jugular vein distention?

<p>Elevated head position improves visibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major complication that can arise from Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

<p>Pulmonary embolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the peripheral vascular system is responsible for gas exchange between blood and tissues?

<p>Capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes varicose veins in the peripheral vascular system?

<p>Twisted and enlarged veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor is NOT assessed when taking a health history related to heart disease?

<p>Exercise frequency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with varicose veins?

<p>Aching and heaviness in legs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Acute bacterial sinusitis

A likely infection of the sinuses, often characterized by facial pain, nasal congestion, and yellow nasal discharge.

Nasal congestion

A stuffy or blocked feeling in the nose, often accompanied by difficulty breathing through the nose.

Thoracic cage

The bony structure that surrounds the lungs and heart, formed by ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae.

Diaphragm

The primary muscle of respiration, responsible for inhaling and exhaling air by contracting and relaxing.

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Respiratory system assessment

Evaluating the thorax and lungs to identify respiratory conditions or diseases.

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Infection control

Practices to prevent the spread of infections, often including hygiene, sanitation, and disposal of materials.

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Patient comfort

Actions to make a patient feel relaxed and at ease during a procedure or examination.

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Oral health promotion

Educating patients about the importance of proper oral hygiene, dental visits, and avoiding substances that can harm the mouth.

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Lung Function

Gas exchange; oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is expelled.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Asthma

Chronic airway inflammation causing wheezing and breathlessness.

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COPD

Progressive lung disease (emphysema, bronchitis).

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Pneumonia

Lung infection causing inflammation and fluid buildup.

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Pleural Effusion

Fluid buildup in the pleural space (around the lungs).

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Barrel Chest

Chest shape abnormality associated with COPD.

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Tachypnea

Rapid breathing, often due to fever or distress.

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Right Atrium Function

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

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Left Ventricle Function

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body. The strongest heart chamber

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S1 Heart Sound

Closure of AV valves, beginning of systole (contraction)

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S2 Heart Sound

Closure of semilunar valves, end of systole (contraction)

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Heart Failure Symptom

Inefficient pumping of the heart results in fluid retention

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Blocked arteries, leading to angina or myocardial infarction (heart attack).

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Jugular Venous Distention (JVD)

Indicates increased central venous pressure, common in heart failure

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Carotid Artery Function

Delivers oxygenated blood to the brain

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Thorax Inspection

Visually examine chest shape, symmetry, and breathing patterns (e.g., pursed lips, barrel chest), looking for cyanosis or accessory muscle use.

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Thorax Palpation

Feel for tenderness, masses, and check chest expansion symmetry (equal movement of both sides when palpated).

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Percussion Sounds (Chest)

Tapping the chest to assess underlying structures: Resonance (normal lung), Dullness (fluid), Hyperresonance (air trapping).

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Auscultation (Lungs)

Using a stethoscope to listen to lung sounds: Vesicular (soft, over most lungs), Bronchial (loud, near trachea).

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Tactile Fremitus

Feeling vibrations in the chest while patient says "99." Decreased vibrations suggest fluid or air in the lungs.

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Egophony

Patient says "E". If it sounds like "A" it suggests fluid in the lungs.

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Dyspnea

Difficulty breathing.

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Nursing Considerations (Respiratory)

Ensure patient comfort (position and warmth), monitor oxygen, and have emergency equipment ready.

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Cyanosis

A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, usually due to low oxygen levels in the blood.

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Clubbing

A thickening and widening of the fingertips, often associated with chronic oxygen deprivation.

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Thrill

A vibration or tremor that can be felt over a blood vessel, often indicating turbulent blood flow.

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Apical Impulse

The point of maximum impulse (PMI), where the heartbeat is felt most strongly on the chest wall.

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Peripheral Vascular System

The network of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) outside the heart and brain, responsible for transporting blood throughout the body.

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body. They have thick walls to handle high pressure blood flow.

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Veins

Blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. They have thinner walls and contain valves to prevent backflow.

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Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels where the exchange of nutrients and gases happens between the blood and body tissues.

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Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

A condition where arteries narrow or become blocked, often due to plaque buildup, limiting blood flow to the legs and feet.

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Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, typically in the legs, obstructing blood flow.

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Varicose Veins

Enlarged, twisted veins caused by weakened valves and increased pressure, often appearing on the legs.

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Lymphatic System

A network of vessels and nodes that drain excess fluid from tissues, filter it, and return it to the bloodstream.

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Study Notes

Assessment of the Abdomen

  • The abdomen contains vital organs involved in digestion, excretion, and other bodily functions
  • Assessing the abdomen helps identify system health and abnormalities.
  • Major structures include stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, and bladder.
  • Abdominals are divided into four quadrants (right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower) and nine regions for easy anatomical location
  • Common abnormalities include gastrointestinal disorders, such as peptic ulcer disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and appendicitis.
  • Other abnormalities like liver and gallbladder disorders, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and abdominal aortic aneurysms are also presented.

Assessment of the Breasts and Lymphatics

  • Breasts are situated on the anterior chest between the second and sixth rib and sternum to midaxillary line.
  • Major components of breasts are glandular tissue, fibrous tissue, and adipose tissue.
  • Areola and nipple are central parts of the breast where secretions (Montgomery's glands) are released.
  • The lymphatic drainage plays a crucial role in preventing infection and metastasis, involving axillary, pectoral, subscapular, infraclavicular, supraclavicular, and parasternal nodes.
  • Common breast abnormalities include fibroadenomas, breast cysts, mastitis, and breast cancer.
  • Associated signs include lymph edema, swelling in the lymph nodes, and changes in breast size, shape, skin, or nipple.

Assessment of Heart and Neck Vessels

  • The heart is a muscular organ pumping blood throughout the body.
  • It's divided into four chambers (right and left atria, right and left ventricles).
  • Blood flows via major vessels (arteries and veins).
  • Heart sounds (S1 and S2) and murmurs are important assessment components.
  • Abnormalities include coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, arrhythmias, pericarditis, and jugular venous distension.
  • Examinations include inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of heart and neck vessels.

Assessment of the Peripheral Vascular System

  • Peripheral vascular system assesses blood vessels outside the heart and brain.
  • Major components include arteries, veins, capillaries, and lymph vessels.
  • Abnormalities include peripheral artery disease, deep vein thrombosis, varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, and lymphedema.
  • Examinations involve inspecting skin color, temperature, presence of edema, or lesions; palpating pulses (strength, rate, rhythm) and checking for thrills and edema; and auscultating for bruits.
  • Assessment includes health history, like risk factors, symptoms, and previous diagnoses.
  • Special tests include Allen test, and Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI).

Assessment of the Thorax and Lungs

  • Thorax is the bony structure surrounding lungs and heart.
  • Major structures include thoracic cage, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and pleura.
  • Lungs are paired organs in the thoracic cavity, each divided into lobes (right: 3, left: 2).
  • Function includes taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.
  • Common abnormalities include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and pleural effusion.
  • Structural abnormalities may include barrel chest and Kyphosis
  • Examinations include inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.

Assessment of the Mouth, Throat, Nose, and Sinuses

  • The mouth, throat, nose, and sinuses play essential roles.
  • Mouth: initiates digestion, aids in speech, entry for air and food
  • Structures: Lips, teeth, tongue, hard/soft palate, salivary glands.
  • Throat: facilitates air and food passage (nasal-, oro-, laryngopharynx).
  • Nose: warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air (external nose, nasal cavity, turbinates).
  • Sinuses: hollow cavities, lighten skull, enhance voice resonance (frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid).
  • Abnormalities: dental caries, gingivitis, oral thrush, cleft lip/palate, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, tracheal issues, sleep apnea, Deviated Nasal Septum, Allergic Rhinitis, sinusitis, mucoceles
  • Crucial aspects: proper assessment to identify conditions and guide interventions.

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Description

This quiz covers the assessment of the abdomen and breasts, focusing on their anatomy and common abnormalities. Key structures such as the gastrointestinal system and breast components are highlighted. Understanding these assessments is vital for identifying health issues and disorders.

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