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Questions and Answers
What effect can long-term corticosteroid use have on children?
What effect can long-term corticosteroid use have on children?
- Enhance growth and development
- Stabilize hormonal levels
- Promote cognitive advancement
- Interfere with growth and development (correct)
Which stage of adolescence occurs between the ages of 15 and 17 years?
Which stage of adolescence occurs between the ages of 15 and 17 years?
- Middle adolescence (correct)
- Pre-adolescence
- Late adolescence
- Early adolescence
According to Erikson's theory, what consequence does failing to achieve a sense of industry in childhood lead to?
According to Erikson's theory, what consequence does failing to achieve a sense of industry in childhood lead to?
- Developing a sense of independence
- Developing a sense of inferiority (correct)
- Establishing a strong identity
- Achieving better cognitive skills
What is a common cognitive change associated with aging?
What is a common cognitive change associated with aging?
What characterizes the formal operational stage in Jean Piaget's theory?
What characterizes the formal operational stage in Jean Piaget's theory?
What characterizes primary apnea in a newborn?
What characterizes primary apnea in a newborn?
Which of the following are identified risk factors for birth asphyxia during labor?
Which of the following are identified risk factors for birth asphyxia during labor?
What is a primary consequence of asphyxia?
What is a primary consequence of asphyxia?
Which intervention helps to minimize fetal heart deceleration during labor?
Which intervention helps to minimize fetal heart deceleration during labor?
What immediate action is included in the resuscitation protocol for a newborn?
What immediate action is included in the resuscitation protocol for a newborn?
What is a significant physiologic change during chronic fetal hypoxia?
What is a significant physiologic change during chronic fetal hypoxia?
During uterine contractions, what happens to blood flow to the fetus?
During uterine contractions, what happens to blood flow to the fetus?
What is the primary method to assess the newborn's condition at 30 seconds of life?
What is the primary method to assess the newborn's condition at 30 seconds of life?
What is the predominant hemoglobin type found in adults?
What is the predominant hemoglobin type found in adults?
Which variant of hemoglobin is associated with sickle cell disease?
Which variant of hemoglobin is associated with sickle cell disease?
What does an Apgar score of 3 or lower at 5 minutes indicate?
What does an Apgar score of 3 or lower at 5 minutes indicate?
What type of red blood cell variation is caused by iron-deficiency anemia?
What type of red blood cell variation is caused by iron-deficiency anemia?
What is the primary cause of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants?
What is the primary cause of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants?
Which stage of labor involves the most rapid cervical dilation?
Which stage of labor involves the most rapid cervical dilation?
At what gestational age should corticosteroids be administered to mothers at risk of preterm delivery to aid fetal lung maturity?
At what gestational age should corticosteroids be administered to mothers at risk of preterm delivery to aid fetal lung maturity?
Which condition is characterized by β-chain abnormalities and can lead to mild hemolytic anemia?
Which condition is characterized by β-chain abnormalities and can lead to mild hemolytic anemia?
What could potentially cause delayed physical milestones such as walking?
What could potentially cause delayed physical milestones such as walking?
What physiological change indicates adequate ventilation in a neonate?
What physiological change indicates adequate ventilation in a neonate?
Which type of leukocytosis is characterized by an increase in neutrophils?
Which type of leukocytosis is characterized by an increase in neutrophils?
In the context of hemopoiesis, which stage occurs during the first two months of intrauterine life?
In the context of hemopoiesis, which stage occurs during the first two months of intrauterine life?
What type of red blood cell variation is typically seen in megaloblastic anemia?
What type of red blood cell variation is typically seen in megaloblastic anemia?
What is the main organ responsible for producing red blood cells during the hepatic stage of hemopoiesis?
What is the main organ responsible for producing red blood cells during the hepatic stage of hemopoiesis?
What component is the iron-containing pigment in hemoglobin?
What component is the iron-containing pigment in hemoglobin?
After the age of 20 years, which bones primarily contribute to the production of red blood cells?
After the age of 20 years, which bones primarily contribute to the production of red blood cells?
Flashcards
What is Asphyxia?
What is Asphyxia?
The term 'asphyxia' refers to a condition where breathing is impaired, leading to a shortage of oxygen (hypoxia) and an excess of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) in the body. This ultimately results in metabolic acidosis, a state where the body's fluids become too acidic.
What is Birth Asphyxia?
What is Birth Asphyxia?
Birth asphyxia occurs when a newborn fails to initiate and maintain breathing immediately after birth, which can lead to lasting harm or even death.
What are the consequences of Birth Asphyxia?
What are the consequences of Birth Asphyxia?
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is a brain injury that happens when the brain doesn't get enough oxygen during birth. It can lead to long-term disabilities.
What are the classifications of Asphyxia?
What are the classifications of Asphyxia?
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What is Intrapartum Resuscitation?
What is Intrapartum Resuscitation?
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What are the causes of Acute Fetal Hypoxia?
What are the causes of Acute Fetal Hypoxia?
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What are the causes of Chronic Fetal Hypoxia?
What are the causes of Chronic Fetal Hypoxia?
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What are the management steps for a newborn with birth asphyxia?
What are the management steps for a newborn with birth asphyxia?
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Surfactant
Surfactant
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
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Tachypnea
Tachypnea
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Hematopoiesis (Hemopoiesis)
Hematopoiesis (Hemopoiesis)
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Heme
Heme
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Ferrous (Fe2+)
Ferrous (Fe2+)
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Globin
Globin
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Oxygen Saturation
Oxygen Saturation
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What is Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)?
What is Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)?
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What is Acute Asphyxia?
What is Acute Asphyxia?
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What is Chronic Asphyxia?
What is Chronic Asphyxia?
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Intrapartum Resuscitation
Intrapartum Resuscitation
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Growth Spurt During Adolescence
Growth Spurt During Adolescence
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Formal Operational Stage
Formal Operational Stage
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Identity vs. Role Confusion
Identity vs. Role Confusion
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Gerontology
Gerontology
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Geriatrics
Geriatrics
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Study Notes
Asphyxia
- Impaired respiratory gas exchange (hypoxia and hypercapnia), accompanied by metabolic acidosis
- Birth asphyxia: failure to initiate and sustain breathing at birth
- Consequences/etiology/causes of asphyxia: hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, organ failure, and neonatal death
Classifications of Asphyxia
- Acute: caused by intranatal factors only
- Chronic: background of prolonged fetal hypoxia and placental insufficiency
Intranatal Risk Factors for Birth Asphyxia
- Fetal arterial blood oxygen tension: 25 ± 5 mm Hg
- Oxygen consumption is twice that of the adult per unit weight
- Fetal oxygen reserve: 1-2 minutes
- Uterine contractions: momentarily interrupt blood flow
- Cord compression: during contractions
- Failure to progress/dystocia: prolonged or obstructed labor exhausts the fetus
Causes of Fetal Hypoxia
- Acute:
- Maternal hypotension
- Placental abruption
- Cord prolapse
- Maternal infection
- Maternal respiratory disease
- Chronic:
- Any maternal infection
- Maternal respiratory disease
Intrapartum Resuscitation
- Maternal positioning to left lateral: reduces fetal heart deceleration risk
- Stopping contractions (tocolytics or uterine relaxation): restores maternal blood flow to placenta
- Intravenous fluids: corrects maternal hypovolemia and hypotension
- Oxygen
Primary Apnea
- Transient period of rapid breathing with oxygen deprivation
- If prolonged, breathing stops (primary apnea)
- Further oxygen deprivation leads to gasping respirations, then secondary apnea
- Decline in heart rate and blood pressure, and loss of neuromuscular tone
Management of Fetal Distress (Resuscitation Protocol)
- Basic measures:
- Warm the newborn to minimize heat loss
- Clear the airway
- Dry the infant
- Routine gastric aspiration
- Assessment at 30 seconds of life:
- Apnea, gasping respirations, or heart rate < 100 bpm beyond 30 seconds after delivery: perform positive-pressure ventilation with room air
- Monitor oxygen saturation with pulse oximetry
Additional Information (Page 2)
- Assessment at 60 seconds of life:
- Persistent heart rate below 100 bpm beyond 60 seconds warrants tracheal intubation and head position correction
- Clear secretions and increase inflation pressure
- Clinical findings in fetal distress:
- Acidaemia (pH < 7 in umbilical artery blood sample)
- Apgar score of 0-3 persisting 10 minutes or longer
- Apgar Score: Used to identify neonates needing resuscitation and evaluate resuscitative measures
- 7+ at 1 minute: Normal
- 9-10 at 5 minutes: Normal
- 5-minute Apgar score of 3 correlates poorly with adverse neurological outcomes
- Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS): Hyline membrane disease in preterm infants due to surfactant deficiency, reducing alveolar surface tension
- Corticosteroids: Given to mothers at risk of delivery before 32-34 weeks to hasten fetal organ maturation
Hemopoiesis (Haematopoiesis)
- Process of origin, development, and maturation of all blood cells
- Sites of hematopoiesis:
- Mesoblastic (first two months of intrauterine life, yolk sac)
- Hepatic (third month, liver)
- Myeloid (last three months, red bone marrow, and liver; exclusively from red bone marrow after birth in newborns, children, and adults)(except from flat bones to 20 years and bones ends of long bones after 20 years old)
Hemoglobin Variations
- Abnormal hemoglobin variations that result in diseases like:
- Sickle cell disease (Hb S)
- Mild chronic hemolytic anemia (Hb C)
Leukocytes Variation
- Pathological leukocytosis occurs when one type of leukocyte increases at the expense of others,
- Possible causes include infections (e.g., neutrophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis) or allergic conditions
Labor Stages
- First Stage: Preparatory and dilatational divisions, cervix dilation
- Second Stage: Fetal delivery
- Third Stage: Placental delivery
- Pelvic Division: Deceleration and final phase of cervical dilatation
Other Information (Page 4)
- Causes of growth failure and delayed milestones:
- Genetic and chromosomal conditions
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Hormonal imbalances (growth hormone deficiency and corticosteroid use)
- Thyroid disorders
- Eriksson's Theory: Child development sense of industry and inferiority
- Adolescence: transition from childhood to adulthood (early, middle, late)
- Physical Growth: Growth spurt in adolescence (earlier in girls than boys)
- Jean Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory: formal operational stage in adolescence
- Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory: Identity vs. role confusion in adolescence
- Aging: Biological process of growing older; gerontology; geriatrics (health care of older adults)
- Common diseases of old age: cardiovascular, arthritis, osteoporosis, cognitive changes
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Description
This quiz explores the critical concepts surrounding asphyxia, including its definitions, classifications, and the intranatal risk factors that contribute to birth asphyxia. Delve into the causes of fetal hypoxia and understand the implications of impaired respiratory gas exchange. Test your knowledge on this vital subject in neonatal health.
