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Questions and Answers
When did Beijing's influence on Indonesia likely eclipse that of Moscow and Washington?
What was the focus of Marhaenism?
What was the primary interest of the Soviets in Indonesia?
What did Sukarno's visit to communist countries achieve?
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What did the Soviets see in Sukarno?
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What was Moscow's priority in its relations with Indonesia?
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Why did the ratification of the General Agreement of 1956 take a year and a half?
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What was the outcome of the takeover of Dutch enterprises in Indonesia by the end of 1957?
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What was the main focus of Sukarno's Political Manifesto?
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Why did the PKI cautiously embrace Guided Democracy?
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Study Notes
Indonesia's Foreign Relations
- Beijing's influence on Indonesia began later than Moscow's or Washington's, but briefly eclipsed theirs from 1963 to 1965.
- Sukarno toured the US, Western Europe, and communist countries (Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, USSR, Mongolia, and PRC) in 1956, leaving a positive impression, especially with the Soviets' willingness to offer aid.
- Sukarno's visit to China left an even greater impression.
Marhaenism and Indonesian Politics
- Marhaenism centered on advancing the interests of typical Indonesians, not necessarily the proletariat, but those who were poor and represented the oppressed masses.
- Marhaenism sought to raise Indonesia's standard of living through collective efforts, not class struggle.
Soviet-Indonesian Relations
- The Soviets were interested in developing state-led heavy industry in Indonesia to oppose the West and strengthen the working class.
- The Soviet interest was evident in aid negotiations before and after Sukarno's visit.
- Moscow saw Sukarno as a chance to make Indonesia an ally and transform the economy along socialist lines.
Economic Cooperation and Challenges
- The General Agreement of 1956 was delayed due to parliamentary opposition and the polarized Indonesian political situation.
- The takeover of Dutch enterprises in 1957 raised the economic stakes, and the PKI and Soviets saw an opportunity to transform the Indonesian economy under state control.
- However, the parliament and bourgeois parties opposed Soviet involvement.
Guided Democracy and Indonesian Socialism
- Sukarno's Political Manifesto of 1959 introduced the concept of Guided Democracy, focusing on nationalism, religion, and communism (Nasakom).
- Guided Democracy aimed for a state-led economic order known as Indonesian Socialism.
- The PKI cautiously supported Guided Democracy, seeing it as a way to unite patriotic elements and delay class struggle.
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Description
Explore the rise of Beijing's influence on Indonesia and Sukarno's diplomatic tours in the 1950s and 1960s.
