Asexual Reproduction Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of asexual reproduction?

  • Offspring are more resistant to disease. (correct)
  • Little or no parental care is needed.
  • No energy is needed to find a mate.
  • Offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
  • Large numbers of offspring can be produced quickly.

Sexual reproduction leads to greater genetic diversity within a population.

True (A)

What is the main disadvantage of asexual reproduction in terms of disease susceptibility?

All offspring are genetically identical to the parent, so a disease that affects one individual could wipe out the entire population.

The process of producing gametes is called ______.

<p>meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Haploid = Half the number of chromosomes in a normal body cell Diploid = Double the number of chromosomes in a normal body cell Gametes = Sex cells that contain half the number of chromosomes Meiosis = The process of producing gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?

<p>Organisms with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how Darwin's Finches provide evidence for evolution by natural selection.

<p>The finches on different Galapagos Islands evolved different beak sizes and shapes adapted to the specific food sources available on each island.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The male gamete in plants is called an ovum.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of asexual reproduction?

<p>Formation of identical offspring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heredity is the process by which traits are passed from offspring to parents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

<p>A segment of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reproductive cells in sexual reproduction are called __________.

<p>gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of asexual reproduction with its description:

<p>Binary Fission = The cell divides to form two identical daughter cells Budding = A small bud forms and can detach to become a new individual Spores = Produced by one parent and act like seeds Fragmentation = A piece of an organism breaks off to form a new individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of asexual reproduction?

<p>Fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In species that reproduce sexually, offspring are always genetically identical to their parents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define traits.

<p>Genetically determined characteristics or conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Prophase I of meiosis?

<p>Homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis results in two identical diploid cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of meiosis?

<p>To produce gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In humans, fertilization occurs in the ______.

<p>fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of meiosis with their key events:

<p>Prophase II = Spindle fibers reattach Metaphase II = Chromosomes line up in a single file Anaphase II = Sister chromatids move to opposite poles Telophase II = Nuclear membrane reforms and cells split</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major difference between mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Meiosis involves crossing over. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In meiosis, a single round of PMAT results in four cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the egg's membrane after fertilization?

<p>It becomes hard to prevent other sperm from entering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

One advantage of asexual reproduction is:

<p>Rapid population growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of producing gametes is called mitosis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of reproduction?

<p>Asexual and sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Darwin's Finches provide evidence for the theory of evolution by ______.

<p>natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT directly involved in the process of pollination?

<p>Ovary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-pollination occurs when pollen from one plant fertilizes the stigma of a different plant of the same species.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that connects the stigma to the ovary in a flower?

<p>Style</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fusion of the nuclei from the pollen grain and the ovule during fertilization is called ______.

<p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Zygote = A fertilized egg Blastocyst = A hollow ball of cells Fallopian tube = Site of fertilization in humans Endometrium = The lining of the uterus Ovulation = Release of an egg from the ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of heredity that determines traits?

<p>Gene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asexual reproduction leads to genetically varied offspring.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'offspring'.

<p>New living things that come from one or more parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process in which male and female reproductive cells unite is called __________.

<p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of asexual reproduction with its example:

<p>Binary Fission = Bacteria Budding = Hydra Spore Formation = Fungi Fragmentation = Starfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a trait?

<p>A genetically determined characteristic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nature refers to the world around us affecting our development.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method of reproduction in organisms that reproduce asexually through fragmentation?

<p>Fragmentation involves breaking off a piece of the organism that can develop into a new individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Prophase I of meiosis?

<p>Chromosomes condense and crossing over occurs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After fertilization, the zygote is ______.

<p>diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of meiosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?

<p>Anaphase II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chromosomal arrangement during Metaphase II consists of homologous pairs lining up.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of fertilization in humans.

<p>The sperm meets the egg in the fallopian tube, fuses with the egg's membrane, and their nuclei combine to form a zygote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Heredity

The passage of biological traits or characteristics from parents to offspring through the inheritance of genes.

Traits

A genetically determined characteristic or condition. They can be physical or behavioral, like eye color or nesting in birds.

Genes

A segment of DNA occupying a specific place on a chromosome that is the basic unit of heredity. They determine traits.

Offspring

New living things that come from one or more parents. Often called children.

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Asexual Reproduction

The formation of identical offspring in the absence of a mate.

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Sexual Reproduction

The reproduction of organisms by the union of male and female reproductive cells (gametes). Genetically varied offspring produced by two parents.

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Binary Fission

The cell replicates its DNA. The cytoplasm elongates and then divides. Two daughter cells form.

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Budding

The parent produces a small bud, or smaller version of itself. The bud either detaches and forms a new individual or stays attached forming a colony.

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Natural Selection

The process by which organisms evolve over time due to variations in traits passed on through generations.

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Gametes

Specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction, containing half the number of chromosomes found in a normal body cell (haploid).

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Meiosis

The process of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells), resulting in four genetically unique haploid daughter cells.

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Haploid

Having one set of chromosomes (n), typically found in gametes.

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Diploid

Having two sets of chromosomes (2n), typically found in somatic (body) cells.

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Haploid Number

The number of chromosomes in a haploid cell, representing half the genetic information.

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Self-pollination

The process where a pollen grain from the stamen lands on the stigma of the same plant.

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Cross-pollination

The process where a pollen grain from the stamen lands on the stigma of a different plant of the same species.

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Anther

A structure in a flower that holds the pollen grains.

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Germination (in plants)

The process where the pollen tube grows down the style to reach the ovule.

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Fertilization (in plants)

The fusion of the male gamete (pollen) and the female gamete (ovule) in plants, leading to seed formation.

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What happens in Prophase I of Meiosis?

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles move to opposite poles, and homologous chromosomes pair up and cross over.

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What happens in Metaphase I of Meiosis?

Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes, and homologous pairs line up in the middle of the cell (2 lines).

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What happens in Anaphase I of Meiosis?

Spindle fibers contract bringing homologous chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.

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What happens in Telophase I and Cytokinesis of Meiosis?

Spindle fibers break up, nuclear membrane may reform, cytokinesis makes two cells, and cells are now haploid.

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What happens in Prophase II of Meiosis?

Centrioles move to opposite sides, spindle fibers reattach.

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What happens in Metaphase II of Meiosis?

Spindle fibers line up chromosomes in the middle of the cell in single file.

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What happens in Anaphase II of Meiosis?

Spindle fibers contract and move sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.

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What happens in Telophase II and Cytokinesis of Meiosis?

Nuclear membrane reforms, spindle fibers disappear, chromosomes decondense, and 2 cells split into 4 cells.

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What is a zygote?

The first stage of development of a fertilized egg, or zygote.

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Define Self-pollination.

The process where a pollen grain from a flower lands on the stigma of the same plant. This is inbreeding.

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Define Cross-pollination.

The process where a pollen grain from a flower lands on the stigma of a different plant of the same species.

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What happens in Germination?

The pollen tube grows down the style to reach the ovule in the ovary.

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What happens in Fertilization?

The fusion of the male gamete (pollen) and the female gamete (ovule) in plants, leading to seed formation.

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Prophase I

The first stage of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material (crossing over) resulting in genetic diversity.

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Metaphase I

The second stage of meiosis, where homologous chromosome pairs line up at the middle of the cell, ready to separate.

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Anaphase I

The third stage of meiosis, where homologous chromosome pairs separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, reducing the chromosome number.

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Telophase I

The final stage of meiosis I, where the cell divides to form two daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes.

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Fertilization

The fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg), forming a zygote with a full set of chromosomes.

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What is asexual reproduction?

The process in which organisms reproduce without the involvement of a mate, creating offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

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What is sexual reproduction?

The union of two specialized cells (gametes) from different parents, producing offspring with genetic variation.

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What is budding (asexual reproduction)?

A form of asexual reproduction where a parent organism produces a small bud, or smaller version of itself, that detaches and forms a new individual or stays attached to form a colony.

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What is fragmentation (asexual reproduction)?

A form of asexual reproduction where a piece of an organism breaks off and develops into a new individual.

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What is vegetative reproduction (propagation)?

A form of asexual reproduction where plant reproduction does not involve seeds. It can occur through various methods like cutting, runners, grafting, tubers, and suckers.

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What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

Sexual reproduction involves the union of male and female gametes, whereas asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring from a single parent.

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How does offspring produced by asexual and sexual reproduction compare?

The offspring produced by asexual reproduction are genetically identical to the parent, while offspring produced by sexual reproduction are unique due to the combination of genetic material from two parents.

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What does 'nature vs. nurture' mean in the context of offspring?

Nature refers to the inherited genetic traits from parents, while nurture encompasses the environmental influences that shape an individual's development, both impacting their overall characteristics.

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Study Notes

Asexual Reproduction

  • Heredity is the passing of traits through genes from parents to offspring.
  • Traits are genetically determined characteristics (physical or behavioral).
  • Genes are segments of DNA—basic units of heredity.
  • Offspring are new living things from parents (often called children).
  • Nature refers to genes inherited from parents.
  • Nurture refers to the world's impact on a person as they grow.
  • Asexual reproduction creates identical offspring without a mate.

Types of Asexual Reproduction

  • Binary Fission (Mitosis):
    • Cell replicates DNA.
    • Cytoplasm elongates, then divides.
    • Two daughter cells form.
    • Examples include bacteria, protists, and amoebas.
  • Budding:
    • Parent produces a smaller version of itself.
    • Bud either detaches or stays attached forming a colony.
    • Examples include hydra and yeast.
  • Spores:
    • One organism produces many spores (seed-like).
    • Spores are produced by one parent.
    • Examples include fungi, molds, and ferns.
  • Fragmentation:
    • Part or piece of an organism breaks off and develops into a new organism.
    • Examples include starfish, flatworms (like planaria), and some plants.
  • Vegetative Reproduction (Propagation):
    • Plant reproduction that does not involve seeds.
    • Methods include fragmentation, runners, grafting, tubers, and suckers.
    • Examples include strawberries, spider plants, potatoes, tulips/daffodils, aspen trees, and some other plants.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

  • Advantages:
    • Large numbers of offspring.
    • Little or no parental care needed.
    • Only one organism is needed.
    • No need to find a mate.
  • Disadvantages:
    • Offspring are clones (susceptible to diseases or harmful mutations or environmental factors).
    • Extreme temperatures (or other environmental factors).
    • Offspring compete for resources (food and space).

Sexual Reproduction

  • Sexual reproduction involves the union of male and female reproductive cells (gametes).
  • Creates genetically varied offspring.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

  • Advantages:
    • Genetic variation (organisms are better able to survive in changing environments).
  • Disadvantages:
    • More time consuming (finding a mate or forming gametes).
    • Greater exposure to negative conditions if finding a mate is challenging.
    • Fewer offspring.
    • More time may be needed to raise offspring.

Darwin's Finches

  • Finches on different Galapagos Islands have evolved different beak shapes and sizes.
  • Beaks suit the type of food available on that island.
  • Provides evidence for evolution by natural selection.

Gametes

  • Gametes are sex cells.
  • They contain half the number of chromosomes (haploid).
  • Examples include sperm and egg cells (animals) and pollen and egg cells (plants).

Meiosis

  • The process of creating gametes (sex cells).
  • In animals, it produces four genetically different, haploid (n) daughter cells.
  • In plants, it produces spores (sex cells).
  • In humans, the haploid number is 23 while the diploid number is 46.
  • Meiosis has two phases, meiosis I and meiosis II, with a total of 8 stages.

Stages of Meiosis

  • Prophase I: Chromosomes condense; nuclear membrane disappears; homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs.
  • Metaphase I: Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes; homologous pairs line up in the middle of the cell.
  • Anaphase I: Spindle fibers contract bringing homologous chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.
  • Telophase I and Cytokinesis: Spindle fibers break up; nuclear membrane may reform; two cells are formed; reduction division, cells are now haploid.
  • Prophase II: Centrioles move to opposite sides; spindle fibers reattach.
  • Metaphase II: Spindle fibers line up chromosomes in the middle of the cell (in single file).
  • Anaphase II: Spindle fibers contract bringing sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell
  • Telophase II and Cytokinesis: Spindle fibers break up; nuclear membrane reforms; four cells are formed (a combination of 8 stages); haploid cells.

Fertilization

  • Male and female gametes combine; nuclei fuse, forming one cell (zygote).
  • Zygote is diploid (2n).

Plant Pollination

  • Self-pollination: Pollen from the same plant lands on the stigma.
  • Cross-pollination: Pollen from a different plant of the same kind lands on the stigma.
  • Methods of pollination include wind, water, insects, and animals.

Plant Seed Formation

  • Pollination: Pollen must transfer to the stigma.

  • Germination: Pollen tube grows towards the egg cell.

  • Penetration: Pollen tube reaches the ovule.

  • Fertilization: Nuclei of the pollen grain and the ovule fuse.

  • Seed formation: The fertilized ovule develops into a seed.

  • Fertilization in humans involves sperm meeting the egg in the fallopian tubes, the sperm breaking down the egg's membrane, their membranes fusing to allow sperm's nucleus to enter, the egg's membrane hardens to prevent further sperm entry, and the nuclei combining which creates a diploid zygote.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of asexual reproduction, including heredity and the types of asexual reproduction methods: binary fission, budding, and spores. Test your understanding of how organisms reproduce without a mate and the role of genes in offspring characteristics.

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