Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Protists
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Questions and Answers

What type of division is observed in flagellates?

  • Radial division
  • Transverse division
  • Longitudinal division (correct)
  • Budding division
  • What term describes the active, feeding, and multiplying stage of most protozoa?

  • Zygote
  • Cyst
  • Trophozoite (correct)
  • Sporocyte
  • Which protozoan life stage is associated with pathogenesis in parasitic species?

  • Cyst
  • Trophozoite (correct)
  • Sporozoite
  • Zygote
  • What is the process called when the nucleus divides several times before cytoplasm divides in asexual reproduction?

    <p>Schizogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sexual cycle of apicomplexans, what is produced during gamogony?

    <p>Gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms can arise from the excystation of cysts in some protozoa?

    <p>Multiple trophozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage follows the formation of a zygote in the life cycle of apicomplexans?

    <p>Encystation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phase where a multinucleate schizont divides to form merozoites?

    <p>Schizogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following protozoa can form cysts containing multiple infective forms?

    <p>Giardia lamblia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily used for movement in Volvox cells?

    <p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of reproduction can Volvox employ?

    <p>Both asexual and sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean infective dose of spores generally reported per bee?

    <p>20 to 90 spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is caused by Ichthyobodo necator in freshwater fish?

    <p>Ichthyobodosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT associated with the infection characterized in bees?

    <p>Enhanced development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Trypanosomatids from other protozoa?

    <p>Presence of a single flagellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insect is the primary vector for Trypanosoma in the transmission of sleeping sickness?

    <p>Tsetse fly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is Glugea primarily associated with infecting?

    <p>Fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of host do Trypanosomatids primarily rely on in their life cycle?

    <p>Secondary hosts including vertebrates or invertebrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of the phylum Ciliophora?

    <p>Presence of cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of Trypanosome entering the bloodstream of humans?

    <p>Leads to Trypanosome fever and potentially sleeping sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reproductive process is common in ciliates?

    <p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is T. cruzi known to cause in humans and animals?

    <p>Chagas disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is caused by Balantidium coli?

    <p>Balantidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does Trypanosoma typically reside in its primary host?

    <p>In the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is NOT associated with Trypanosoma species?

    <p>Ichthyobodosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organism transmits Chagas disease?

    <p>Triatoma infestans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by Giardia lamblia?

    <p>Giardiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Leishmaniasis?

    <p>Sandfly bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Trichomonas is known to inhabit the urogenital tract and may cause vaginitis?

    <p>Trichomonas vaginalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates Giardia lamblia from other intestinal pathogens?

    <p>It often causes no disease in humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is Leishmania classified as?

    <p>Protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is Opalina?

    <p>A parasitic protozoan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT associated with the phylum Sporozoa?

    <p>Locomotor structures for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Trichomonas vaginalis primarily transmitted?

    <p>Via sexual contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a class within the phylum Sporozoa?

    <p>Gregarinina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Chagas disease?

    <p>Fever and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the cysts of Giardia lamblia survive before being ingested?

    <p>In contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reproductive method of Sporozoa?

    <p>Multiple fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment do cysts of Giardia lamblia indicate regarding survival?

    <p>Wet and contaminated environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coccidia are classified as what type of parasites?

    <p>Intracellular parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is associated with the term 'coccidiosis'?

    <p>Infections specifically with Eimeria or Isospora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms undergoes schizogony?

    <p>Eimeria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced as a result of fertilization in the life cycle of Coccidia?

    <p>Oocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sporogony in the Coccidia life cycle?

    <p>Production of sporozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom caused by infections of Eimeria in domestic animals?

    <p>Severe diarrhea or dysentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reproductive Strategies of Protozoa

    • Division types in protozoa: longitudinal in flagellates, transverse in ciliates; amebas lack an apparent anterior-posterior axis.
    • Schizogony is a common asexual division where the nucleus divides multiple times before the cytoplasm splits into smaller merozoites.
    • In apicomplexans (e.g., Plasmodium, Toxoplasma), reproduction involves gamogony (gamete production), zygote fertilization, encystation into an oocyst, and sporozoite formation through sporogony.

    Life Cycle Complexity

    • Some protozoa have complex life cycles requiring two hosts, while others complete their life cycle within a single host.
    • A single infective protozoan can generate a vast population, though reproduction is curtailed by the host’s death or immune defenses, leading to chronic infections.

    Life Cycle Stages

    • Trophozoite is the active stage where most protists feed and multiply; in parasites, this stage is often pathogenic.
    • Hemoflagellates feature trophozoite stages identified as amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, and trypomastigote, distinguished by flagellum presence and kinetoplast position.
    • Merozoites result from a multinucleate schizont's fission; sexual stages include gametocytes and gametes.
    • Some protozoa form cysts that multiply internally, with examples like Entamoeba histolytica producing multiple metacystic amebas upon excystation.

    Specific Protozoa Examples

    • Volvox: A single-celled organism exhibiting asexual or sexual reproduction with visible flagella, chromoplast, and stigma; cells interconnected by cytoplasmic strands.
    • Ichthyobodo necator: A microscopic parasite infecting freshwater fish, leading to ichthyobodosis.
    • Trypanosomatids: A kinetoplastid group with a single flagellum, exclusively parasitic, causing diseases like African sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma) and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi).

    Trypanosoma Life Cycle

    • Trypanosoma in humans is transmitted by the tsetse fly, causing initially fever, potentially progressing to sleeping sickness affecting the central nervous system.
    • Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, transmitted by the "kissing bug" via feces. Symptoms vary through the infection's course.

    Leishmaniasis

    • Transmitted by sandflies, leading to visceral leishmaniasis, important for both human health and veterinary contexts.

    Giardia lamblia

    • Often asymptomatic in humans, can cause severe diarrhea via fecal contamination; cysts release trophozoites in the intestine.

    Trichomonas

    • Several species are symbiotic; Trichomonas vaginalis is venereally transmitted and can cause vaginitis, while T. hominis exists non-pathogenically in the human intestine.

    Phylum Ciliophora

    • Characterized by the presence of cilia for locomotion, diverse in ecology, capable of both asexual (binary fission) and sexual (conjugation) reproduction.
    • Ciliates are multinucleate, possessing macronuclei and micronuclei, with specialized structures and pellicles.

    Balantidiasis

    • An infectious disease caused by Balantidium coli affecting the digestive system, prevalent in the tropics and temperate regions.

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    VMU Protozoa Lecture PDF

    Description

    Explore the processes of asexual and sexual reproduction in flagellates, ciliates, and apicomplexans. This quiz covers division methods, schizogony, and gamogony in organisms like Plasmodium and Toxoplasma. Gain insights into the life cycles of these fascinating protists.

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